Chapter 10 Southeast Asia
Urbanization
Because of the reduction in agriculture many farmers have sold their land to more prosperous local farmers or to agribusiness corporations Cities like Jakarta, manila Bangkok are some of the most rapidly growing metropolitan areas in the world. they are known as primate cities cities meaning that their suburbs are vastly larger than all other cities in the country
Terrorism politics and economic issues
Terrorism in the area has been another reason democracy has struggled terrorist short-circuit the public debate that is the heart of the democratic process. terrorists often thrive in places where governments are repressive and the people suffer economic deprivation. the two factors go hand-in-hand
2007 global recession
The 2007 global recession happened because worldwide financial growth slowed down and people had less money to spend because they had to pay so much more for high oil and food prices.
Democracy in Indonesia
Asia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and is the most fragmented Pancasila is a philosophy aimed at holding the separate nations together through nationalism and concepts of religious tolerance
Pressures for and against democracy
Democracy in the region has been a challenge several countries deal with violent conflict military regime for example in Burma which has been controlled with an iron fist and crooked open elections the Philippines have been troubled with a long line of dictators but now has elected governments to solve many problems.
Conflict in southeast Asia
Democratization and conflict armed conflicts and genocide death rates have been high since 1990 mostly occurring in the areas of Cambodia Burma, Vietnam, Laos and Indonesia
Strategic globalization state aid and export let economic development
During this time two things happened one was the formation of state aid at market economies that strengthened their financial institutions . the other was their focus on exporting products manufactured in that area
Globalization and cultural diversity
Even though the region is very culturally diverse letting other for so long that many of the customs in foods and rituals have began to melt into one
Export processing zones
Export processing zones or EPz's ... these areas were locally available labor could produce items for export between . 80 to 90% of the workers in these areas are women. Young single women were preferred because Southeast Asia thought that they were the cheapest least troublesome employees
Climate and vegetation
Largely tropical climate rains coming from both monsoon in the ITCZ.. the soil of southeast Asia not fertile but grow dense vegitation. warm temperatures and damp conditions prolote the rapid decay of organic material
Vulnerability to climate change
Look at map to see which areas are an extreme vulnerable situation to climate change and which ones have a low vulnerability to climate change
Climate change and water
Mainland Southeast Asia is fed by the rivers for water by the melting glaciers high in the Himalayas. Some feel glaciers are melting at a rate that could result in their eventual disappearance
Emigration and globalization
Many families in southeast Asia emigrated to Taiwan and Indonesia. they go there to make money and send money back home to families living in low income areas
The Vietnam War
Most bitter battle for independence the Vietnam war took place in French Indonesia national leaders most notably Ho Chi Minh headed resistant against continued French domination in 1954 Ho Chi Minh defeated the French at DN Bien Fu With in Vietnam the battle was between Northern and Southern be in the US supported south Vietnam conflict ended in 1973 when the US decided to back out 4 1/2 million people died 58,000 US soldiers died
Impact of China's growth
Southeast Asia Singapore Malaysia Indonesia Thailand and the Philippines piggybacked on China's growth winning large contracts to upgrade China's infrastructure in areas such as waste water treatment gas distribution and shopping mall development
Climate change and deforestation
Southeast Asia contains only 5% of the worlds forest that accounts for nearly 25% of global D4 station most of the D4 station takes place in Malaysia and Indonesia where logging of tropical hardwoods for sale takes place. Indonesia is a large exporter of palm oil
Climate change in food production
Wet rice cultivation has transformed landscapes throughout Southeast Asia it is practiced throughout this generally well watered region. commercial farming and large tracts of Deforested land using mechanism irrigation chemicals for fertilizer and pest control reduced the need for labor . the objective of commercial farming here is to generate big yields and quick profits NOT to develop long-term sustainable agriculture
Political and economic empowerment of women
Women have made some impressive games and politics in southeast Asia they are less money than men that. many of the leaders are daughters of prominent male leaders in Burma for more than two decades a woman has led the military dictatorship .despite increasing success women still lag behind men in terms of economic empowerment
The maid trade
Women make up over 50% of the immigrants from Southeast Asia many skilled nurses and technicians from the Philippines work in European north North American and Southwest Asian cities. most are educated women from the Philippines and Indonesia who work under two to four year contracts and wealthy homes throughout Asia
Working conditions
Working conditions were often times not good workers working 10 to 12 hours per day seven days a week for less than the legal minimum wage without benefits. any attempts by labor unions to correct the situation were shot down by the government.
Cultural and religious pluralism
Cultural pluralism is an area that is inhabited by many groups of people from different backgrounds On the map the top portion is mostly Confucianism and Taoism the bottom half is tribal and animism
Tourism
Between 1991 and 2001 and number of international visitors to the region double to more than 40 million in 2010 visitors reached over 73.7 million some feel this puts the region at risk because they are too dependent on outside visitors for their economic stability
Religious legacies
Both Hinduism and Buddhism arrived thousands of years ago via monks and traders many early Southeast Asian kingdoms and empires switch back-and-forth between Hinduism and Buddhism today Buddhism dominates mainland Southeast Asia file Hinduism remains dominant only on the Indonesian islands of Bali and Lombok. in Vietnam people practice a mix of Buddhist Confucian and Taoist Islam is now dominant in the islands of Southeast Asia Roman Catholicism is predominant in religion in Timor leste and in most of the Philippines colonize respectively by Portugal and Spain
Response to climate change
Both the Philippines and Indonesia use geothermal energy which is heat stored from the earths crust Philippines already generate 27% of its electricity from geothermal energy it is second only to the United States . solar is another energy form. wind is the most cost effective option
Dutch colonialism
From the 16th to the 19th century the Dutch extended their control of her trade for most of what today is called Indonesia the Dutch forced farmers to leave their own fields and work part time without pay for Dutch coffee sugar and indigo plantations you getting in late 18th century British established colonies at Key ports on the Malay Peninsula 19th century Britain extended rule over the rest of modern Malaysia the French first entered as missionaries the late 19 century spurred rivalry with Britain and other European powers for access of the markets in nearby China
Southeast Asia is authoritarian and militaristic tendencies
Fully operating democracy has been hard for Indonesia Thailand and most recently Burma strong military is still a powerful force in southeast Asia
Coral bleaching
Global climate change is expected to increase sea temperatures which threatens the life of the coral reefs that sustain much of the regions fishing and tourism
Family organization
Historically young married couples would live close to the wife's parents this is changed over the years women have taken roles within the family to manage finances. young families often move away from their families
I IMF bailout
I am F or known as the international monetary fund came in to put controls to keep banks from making such poor decisions. after several years of help the economy began to recover and resumed growth by 1999 by 2006 the economy was back to normal.
Population Pyramids
Indonesia will accumulate larger numbers of older people more males than females
The killing fields of Cambodia
Killing fields were in Cambodia the desire was to wipe out all the European influence so the garment targeted western educated people forcing them into labor camps were more than 2 million Cambodians one quarter of the population starved or were executed in what what was known as the killing fields
Encouraging cohesiveness and Indonesia
Pancasila is the emphasis on harmony and consensus that seems to ensure there will never be a religiously-based government Two other separatist movements in the Moluccan islands and west Papua develop largely in response to Indonesia's forced resettlement schemes also known as transmigrations schemes between 1965 and 1995
Gender patterns in South East Asia
Population pattern sections gender roles are being transformed across Southeast Asia by urbanization in the change that brings to a family organization him an appointment
Human patterns overtime
Populations of south east Asia arose from two migrations hunters and gatherers from what is now known as northern India and Burma. the second migration came 10,000 years after the last Ice Age people from southern China began moving into southeast Asia they were skilled farmers and seafarers from southern China
Portuguese and Spanish colonialism
Portuguese came to the region for the spice trade better ships and weapons gave the Portuguese an advantage the Spanish ruled the Philippines for more than 350 years
Population dynamics
Since 1960 population in the region has continued to decline. deaths and births are low so population growth is very low or slightly negative.
Human wellbeing
Singapore and Brunei are the only places where the annual per capita GN I or PPP is the highest category for both countries it is about $50,000 which is a bit higher than the United States and Australia and comparable to that in the richest countries in Europe Singapore and Brunei do well providing overall well-being to their citizens they rank high into categories Malaysia ranks medium high. Thailand medium the Philippines Indonesia and Vietnam all rank medium low and Laos Cambodia Timor-Leste and Burma rank low
Regional integration
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations also known as ASEN and was created to increase trade between all 10 SE. Asian Nations In 2010 ASEAN established AFTA to increase free-trade to facilitate regional free trade.
Economic crisis in recovery
The economic crisis that swept through Southeast Asia in the late 1990s forced millions of people into poverty and change the political order in some countries. A major cause of the crisis was the lifting of controls on Southeast Asia's once highly regulated financial sector The main problem with other countries were putting cash into Southeast Asia hoping to make profit from their growing economy but the banks in turn made reckless decisions and this was known as crony capitalism
Struggle for independence
The region began to be unhappy with the colonial rule in the 19th century Philippine people fought against Spain they resisted control by the US which began in 1896 after the Spanish-American war by the mid-1950s the colonial powers granted self government to the region and all of Southeast Asia was independent by 1975
The merchant Marine
These are skilled male seamen they work aboard international freighters or on luxury cruise liners as deckhands cooks or engine mechanics a few become officers. they generally work for six months at a time with only a few hours a day for breaks saving nearly every penny
A CEH
This is a far western province in the north of Sumatra this region was angry because they felt their oil was being taken away without giving them the proper amount of money for it
HIV aids
This is been a significant public health issue in southeast Asia other infection and death rates are now declining across the region Cambodia Thailand and Burma have the highest infection rates and in 2001 AIDS I was the leading cause of death A big contributing factor in the spread of HIV among young women is sex tourism and sex related human trafficking
Diverse cultural influences
Trade routes in the surrounding seas brought traders religious teachers and sometimes even invading armies from China and India newcomers brought religion trade goods such as cotton textiles food plants such as mangoes and tamarins the monsoon wins this imitated access on the seas from ships from South Asia and Persian golf
