Chapter 10,11,12 Child Development
Compare the self-feeding abilities of one-, two-, and three-year-olds.
One-year-olds—Can eat finger foods, use a spoon, and drink from a cup. Two year olds—Can use a fork but eat slowly because they are improving their fi ne motor skills. Three year olds —Can use a spoon and fork skillfully and can chew tough foods that are cut into small pieces.
Why might children of two and a half use a word like "tooths"?
They are learning some rules of grammar, such as adding an s to make words plural, but aren't yet able to recognize exceptions to the rules.
Why do toddlers have difficulty concentrating on one thing at a time?
They are not yet capable of blocking out some of the information from their senses to focus on one thing. They are constantly distracted.
Should toddlers be expected to brush their own teeth? Explain.
They can try to brush their own teeth, but they still need help from an adult.
What is a sign that toddlers are developing empathy?
They may try to comfort another child who is unhappy.
Why is consistency important when setting limits?
When parents enforce limits at some times but not others, children learn that parents don't mean what they say, and the children won't take the limits seriously.
How concerned with helping and pleasing others are children of the following ages? Describe how they demonstrate their level of concern. Age: three and one half
Will share toys and put up with things they don't like in order to be with someone they like.
How concerned with helping and pleasing others are children of the following ages? Describe how they demonstrate their level of concern. Age: three
Will share, help, or do things another person's way just to please the person.
Give example of lesson of learning: trial and error learning
a child could not figure out how to play the game correctly, so he tried every way he could think of until he finally got it correct
How has neuroscience benefited parents and other caregivers?
By discovering more about how a child's brain develops, neuroscience has led to recommendations for the care of children.
How does a vaccine work to protect children from a disease?
By introducing a small amount of disease-carrying germs to the body, the vaccine causes the immune system to set up defenses against future exposure to that disease.
How can parents help improve their child's perception?
By talking about the activities they are doing together and by answering the child's questions.
Why is the ability to remember such an important key to learning?
When experiences are forgotten, they can't affect later actions or thoughts.
a type of play in which children play and interact with one another
cooperative play
a mental ability that involves using the imagination to produce original ideas
creativity
toys, activities, and tasks that are suitable for a child at a specific age
developmentally appropriate
the skillful use of the hands and fingers; ease and skill in physical activity
dexterity
learning that results from being taught formally or informally
directed learning
the ability to understand how another person feels
empathy
when a child is removed from the group, perhaps by being required to sit in a special chair for a short period of time
time out
a term that refers to one and two year olds
toddler
learning that takes place when a child tries several solutions to find one that works
trial and error learning
Give example of lesson of learning: incidental learning
unplanned learning, like when 5 year olds push a button that plays music, so they learn from cause and effect
What are signs that a child is physically and emotionally ready for toilet training?
(1) Can control bladder and bowel functions. (2) Recognizes signals that elimination is necessary. (3) Can remove clothes easily (4) Shows an interest in wanting to be grown up and use the toilet.
In addition to safety, identify six characteristics of appropriate toys.
(1) Durable. (2) Easy to care for. (3) Encourages use of imagination. (4) Colorful. (5) Easy for the child to handle. (6) Enjoyable to the child.
What are the features of a stimulating environment that promotes intellectual development?
(1) Interactions with caregivers. (2) A variety of appropriate playthings. (3) Encouragement
Give an example of a toy that is appropriate for each of the following age groups. Then give a developmental reason why the toy is appropriate. Age: two to three years
A child-size lawn mower. Children this age want to do what adults are doing.
Give an example of a toy that is appropriate for each of the following age groups. Then give a developmental reason why the toy is appropriate. Age: three to four years
A construction set. Children this age are acquiring fine motor skills.
Why is it important to respect a child's imagination? Should parents always point out what is real and what is not?
An active imagination is important to learning. It allows children to try new things and act out many roles. Continually separating fact from fiction isn't necessary and might unnecessarily discourage use of the imagination.
What are phobias?
Abnormal fears
List three basic hygiene skills that children can learn between the ages of one and three.
Any three: (1) Using a tissue for a runny nose. (2) Bathing themselves, with supervision. (3) Hand washing. (4) Brushing teeth. (5) Using the toilet.
Describe three ways that caregivers can promote sharing among toddlers.
Any three: (1) Encourage activities that require sharing and taking turns. (2) Limit materials so that sharing must occur. (3) Have children take turns handing out snacks. (4) Make clear that you want them to share and take turns by talking about these behaviors.
Describe three ways that caregivers can help toddlers deal with their fears.
Any three: (1) Offer support and understanding without making them feel ashamed. (2) Encourage children to talk about their fears. (3) Accept the fears rather than forcing children to confront them. (4) Read books together about children who have fears. (5) Make unfamiliar situations more secure. (6) Teach children how to control frightening situations.
Describe three things a parent can do to reduce sibling rivalry.
Any three: (1) Show love and affection to each child. (2) Give each child one-on-one time. (3) Avoid comparing one child with another. (4) Let children take turns. (5) Do not accept tattling. (6) Talk to children about their jealousy.
Identify three common safety hazards related to toys.
Any three: Small parts, sharp edges, flammable, toxic paint.
Give two tips for parents who are trying to teach their child good eating habits.
Any two: (1) Be a good role model by eating nutritious foods. (2) Try new foods with the child. (3) Let the child help in the kitchen. (4) Encourage the child to eat only when hungry and to eat slowly. (5) Don't use food as a reward or punishment. (6) Encourage drinking water rather than . sugary drinks.
Identify and describe two causes for toddlers' negativism.
Any two: (1) Desire for independence. Saying "no" is their way of taking decision-making power (2) Frustration because they want to do and say more than their bodies and language skills allow. (3) Realization of separateness. The child enjoys the independence but still wants closeness with the caregiver.
What are two signs that a child may be sleep-deprived? Why is the condition more apparent after children start school?
Any two: (1) Must be awakened in the morning. (2) Tired all day. (3) Has trouble thinking. (4) Cranky and hard to get along with. More obvious in older children because they have to get up early for school.
Describe at least two signs that a child has a healthy relationship with a parent.
Any two: (1) Seeks approval and praise. (2) Turns to parent for comfort and help. (3) Tells parent about significant events to share joy and sorrow. (4) Accepts limits and discipline without too much resistance.
How is difficulty with articulation different from stuttering? How are they similar?
Articulation—Refers to the use of clear, distinct speech. For example, until age three or four, children commonly skip syllables and leave off endings of words. Stuttering—This is a more serious condition. The child speaks with sporadic repetition or prolonged sounds, usually at the beginning of words. Most children outgrow both problems.
Describe how nap and nighttime sleep patterns change between ages one and two.
At one, most children take daytime naps of several hours. As they get older, daytime naps become shorter, and they sleep longer at night. By age two, children typically give up a morning nap.
What is autonomy? Give an example of how parents can encourage their child's autonomy in eating, dressing, hygiene, or household tasks.
Autonomy means independence. Letting them brush their teeth and get dressed by themselves, self-feeding, doing chores.
How might keeping a child in a playpen discourage curiosity? How might curiosity be mistaken for misbehavior?
Being in a playpen could stifle curiosity because exploration is limited. Curiosity prompts children to explore their world. During their explorations, they can seem to get into everything.
Between what ages is a child referred to as a preschooler?
Between the ages of three and five (or when they start school)
What kinds of aggressive behaviors do some two- and three-year-olds display? Is ignoring the misbehavior one acceptable course of action? Explain.
Biting, hitting, kicking, and shoving. Caregivers shouldn't ignore aggressive behavior, but should try to determine the underlying cause.
Scott's mom said "Grandpa's birthday card won't fi t in this envelope. Let's see if we have a bigger envelope. Or we can fold the card if we have to." How was she modeling problem solving for Scott?
By talking through possible solutions out loud, she showed how it is possible to think your way to a solution.
Identify which ages—eighteen months, two years, two and one-half years, and three years—are generally calmer and which generally have more frustrations.
Calmer: Two years, three years More frustrations: Eighteen months, two and one-half years
How can caregivers promote math readiness in young children?
Caregivers can use opportunities from everyday life to build interest in learning math concepts. For example, they might ask children to identify numbers on signs, count objects, and identify shapes.
How can a routine of reading to children younger than age three contribute to reading readiness?
Children learn to enjoy books, which is key to learning to read. They also learn how to handle books, begin to associate written words with words read aloud, and feel a sense of accomplishment from finishing a book.
What is a drawback to children spending almost all of their time with adults?
Children need to feel comfortable with others their own age. If they begin to do this while they are young, socialization is easier. Since adults are more considerate, children need to learn how to handle having their feelings hurt by other children.
Give examples of each of the following ways to make meals appealing to children: texture
Choose different textures, such as crackers and cheese.
Give examples of each of the following ways to make meals appealing to children: ease of eating
Choose foods that are easier for children to eat, such as cut-up spaghetti.
What are concepts? Give three examples of concepts that young children learn.
Concepts are categories of objects and information. Examples might include: Color, shape, size.
How does creativity relate to imagination?
Creativity involves using imagination to produce original ideas.
How can learning about developmental milestones help caregivers plan activities?
Developmental milestones can help caregivers choose activities that are developmentally appropriate for the child's age.
What differences cause each child to develop emotionally in a unique way?
Differences in experiences and in temperament.
Why are most children self-centered at eighteen months?
During infancy they learned that caregivers will promptly meet their needs and desires.
At about what age are children physically able to control their sphincter muscles?
Eighteen months
How do an eighteen-month-old and a three-year-old each typically express anger?
Eighteen-month-old—Expressed physically and not directed toward any particular person or thing. Three-year-old—Expressed verbally and less explosively and is directed toward the person or thing that is seen as responsible for the problem.
At a child care center, two three-year-olds get into an argument. How should you respond? Why?
First, assess the situation. If they are evenly matched and no physical or emotional harm is being done, just observe. Children need to learn how to work out problems on their own. If someone may be hurt, help them solve the problem. Guide them to find a solution rather than impose one.
Compare the problem-solving strategy of a fourteen-month-old to that of a three-year-old.
Fourteen-month-old—Would try all solutions to a problem until finding the right one. Three-year-olds—Would mentally evaluate a problem and rule out options that won't work without actually trying each one.
Example of gross and fine motor skill: 2 1/2 to 3 years
Gross: alternates feet going up stairs Fine: screws lids on and off containers
Example of gross and fine motor skill: 12 to 18 months
Gross: jumps in place Fine: grasps crayons with a fist and scribbles
Example of gross and fine motor skill: 18 to 24 months
Gross: pushes self on wheeled toys Fine: turns one page of a book at a time
Example of gross and fine motor skill: 2 to 2 1/2 years
Gross: walking Fine: picks up small objects with thumb and forefinger
What kinds of problems might a speech-language pathologist identify as the source of a child's speech difficulties?
Hearing problems, learning disabilities, or mood disorders.
Three-year-old Terrell is having trouble closing a cabinet door because toys are sticking over the edge of the shelf. How should his father respond? Why?
Help a little, but don't take over, and allow Terrell to complete the final step, closing the door. Terrell is learning while he struggles and will feel a sense of accomplishment when he succeeds.
What roles do heredity and environment play in intelligence?
Heredity—Determines limits of possible intellectual development. Environment—Influences the extent to which a person's potential is actually developed.
How do children form their self-concept?
In response to the actions, attitudes, and comments of others, especially those of parents or primary caregivers in children's early years.
Give examples of each of the following ways to make meals appealing to children: color
Include a variety of colors, such as strawberries and green peas.
Give examples of each of the following ways to make meals appealing to children: temperature
Include both warm and cold foods, such as corn and applesauce.
What does the brain do in sensory integration?
It combines information from the various senses to make a single, whole picture of what's happening.
Why is it so important for toddlers to have a positive relationship with parents and siblings?
It shapes the relationships that children have later in life.
Should a growing two-year-old drink a full cup of milk or eat an entire apple or banana at one time? Why or why not?
No, for a child that age, one serving of milk is ½ cup and half a banana or apple is considered one serving.
Do all children reach developmental milestones at the same age? Why or why not?
No. Developmental milestones are just averages. Variations can be caused by differences in a child's physical size, health, diet, interests, temperament, and play opportunities.
What factors, besides genes and heredity, influence growth and physical development?
Nutrition, health, and life experiences
How old is a toddler?
One or two years old.
How concerned with helping and pleasing others are children of the following ages? Describe how they demonstrate their level of concern. Age: two and one-half
May do something for one person but not another for no reason; they are beginning to respond to the idea of fairness.
How do night terrors differ from nightmares? Which is more serious?
Night terrors occur early in the child's sleep cycle and aren't likely to be remembered the next day. Nightmares are frightening dreams that seem real. They're more serious and may signal anxiety in the child's life.
What is the difference between parallel play and cooperative play? Which comes first?
Parallel play—Comes first and involves children playing near one another, but not really interacting with each other. Cooperative play—Begins around age three and involves children actually playing together.
Identify the two sleep cycles. Which cycle is a deep sleep? In which cycle do dreams occur?
REM sleep is when dreams occur. NREM sleep is a deep sleep.
Give an example of a toy that is appropriate for each of the following age groups. Then give a developmental reason why the toy is appropriate. Age: one to two years
Riding toy with wheels. Children this age are practicing motor control, and this toy uses the large muscles.
What is separation anxiety?
Separation anxiety is a fear of being away from parents, familiar caregivers, or the normal environment.
When fourteen-month-old Kayla began running after the family dog, her mother said, "Kayla, look out the window at the little bunny." What method of guidance was she using? If Kayla were age two or older, what might her mother do to keep Kayla from hurting the dog?
She was using distraction to guide Kayla. If Kayla was older, her mother could explain why Kayla needs to treat the pet nicely.
When are temper tantrums likely to start? At what age do they usually stop?
Starts around 18 months and may last until age 3 or 4.
What is intelligence.
The ability to interpret and understand everyday situations and to apply prior experiences to new situations or problems. It is the capacity to learn.
How does a parent's guidance help a child learn self-discipline?
The parent's firmness and understanding help children learn to control their own behavior.
What is the meaning of "readiness for learning"?
The physical and intellectual maturity required to perform a skill.
What is socialization?
The process of learning social skills in order to get along with family members and others.
Which skill requires greater dexterity: walking steadily or turning on a faucet? Explain.
Turning on a faucet. Dexterity is the skillful use of hands and fingers.
Give examples of each of the following ways to make meals appealing to children: shape
Vary the shapes on the plate, such as orange wedges and cucumber "cookies."
How concerned with helping and pleasing others are children of the following ages? Describe how they demonstrate their level of concern. Age: two
Want to please others; sometimes willing to put wishes of someone else ahead of their own.
the ability to use clear, distinct speech
articulation
personal independence and the capacity to make decisions and act on them
autonomy
learning by watching and copying others
imitation
unplanned learning, as when a child happens to push a button on a musical toy and discovers that this action causes music to play
incidental learning
the ability to interpret and understand everyday situations and to use prior experiences when faced with new situations or problems
intelligence
Give example of lesson of learning: directed learning
learning from being taught at school
the level of knowledge of basic math concepts, such as number recognition, needed for learning math
math readiness
doing the opposite of what others want
negativism
when children play near, but no actually with, other children
parallel play
an unexplainable and illogical fear
phobia
a child from age three to about age five
preschooler
learning skills necessary for reading, including letter recognition and the understanding that letters of the alphabet combine to form words on a page
reading readiness
thinking about one's own needs and wants and not those of others
self-centered
how people see themselves
self-concept
the process by which the brain combines information taken in through the senses to make a whole
sensory integration
the fear of being away from parents, familiar caregivers, or the normal environment
separation anxiety
the competition between brothers or sisters for parents' affection and attention
sibling rivalry
to participate; to behave in a friendly way to other
socialization
serious speech difficulty that occurs when a person speaks with sporadic repetition or prolonged sounds
stuttering
when children release anger or frustration by screaming, crying, kicking, pounding, and sometimes holding their breath
temper tantrum
Give example of lesson of learning: imitation
the little girl copied her older brother in playing a game until she learned how to play herself