Chapter 11-12 Questions

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in ______.

winning elective office

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 classified which of the following as legally protected groups?

-women -minorities

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

about a quarter

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______

discrimination in public accommodations

What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the United States?

disease

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to ______

establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly

True or false: Asian Americans are well represented in managerial positions in the technology industry

false

True or false: Asian Americans are well represented in managerial positions in the technology industry.

false

Which of the following continue to impede progress toward equality for Black Americans?

- About a third of African American children live below the poverty line. - The jobless rate of African Americans is two times that of white Americans. - The median net worth of households heading by retired African Americans is about 10 percent that of retired white people.

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

- Catholics - Asian Americans - Women

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

- Inspired a hope for eventual equality. - Given moral strength to diverse movements. - Been foundational in legal decisions.

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

- It banned discriminatory voter registration practices. - It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against Black voters.

Which of the following Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?

- Pueblo - Navajo

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

- Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty. - Many single-parent working women without college degrees or special skills find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses. - Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live below the poverty line.

Which of the statements below are true of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?

- The Trump administration's attempt to rescind the program was invalidated by the Supreme Court. - The program was established by the Obama administration in 2012.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

- They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college. - Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average.

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

- Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. - A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people.

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______

- be college educated - have a high median income

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

- boycotts - marches in nonviolent protest

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

- discriminatory practices in mortgage lending. - discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods. - discriminatory practices in housing.

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

- equal access to public facilities. - the right of every person to equal protection under the law. - equal access to the opportunities society provides.

According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?

- holding high-level political office - holding the top position in corporations

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

- poll taxes - literacy tests - whites-only primaries

Which of the following are current policy issues for Native Americans?

- preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions. - obtaining economic self-sufficiency. - preserving their culture and languages.

Which of the following are ancestral countries for many Asian Americans?

- the Phillippines -China -India

Arrange the following items in chronological order starting with the earliest challenge to segregation laws at the top.

1. Supreme Court ends school segregation in Brown v. Board of Education Topeka. 2. Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus to a white rider in Montgomery, Alabama. 3. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers speech before participants of March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom.

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

5

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black

95

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

Which sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?

Gunnar Myrdal

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans

Indian Civil Rights Act

About half of all Hispanics in the United States were born in ______

Mexico or have Mexican ancestry

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?

Shelby County v. Holder

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), a number of southern congressmen wrote a letter titled the ______, urging state governments to "resist forced integration by any lawful means."

Southern Manifesto

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

In the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court found that segregated schools made Black students feel like they had _____ in the community and were thus "inherently unequal.

an inferior status

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of governmental interest?

compelling

The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.

de facto discrimination

True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

false

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the United States, there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were ______.

fewer than 1 million

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of ____ classifications even though such classifications need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income

gender-based

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however, ______.

groups more often fight for civil rights

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated ______.

in their states of entry

Legislation from the 1960s and 1970s prohibits discrimination in hiring against older workers for ______.

jobs in which age is not an important factor in job performance

How many Hispanics currently serve in the U.S. House of Representatives?

more than 40

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that Blacks ______ public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities

must be allowed to use

The Supreme Court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld, the program must be ______.

narrowly tailored

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must ______.

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group

About _____ single-parent families, which are usually headed by women, live below the poverty line.

one in four

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

Which of the following is a key result of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "______" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications

What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?

their family structure

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.

true

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults