Chapter 11

Briefly compare and contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.

"The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system can be subdivided into somatic motor neurons, which control skeletal muscles, and autonomic neurons, which control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, many glands, and some adipose tissue. The somatic and autonomic divisions are sometimes called the voluntary and involuntary divisions of the nervous system, respectively."

Which of the following is a symptom of curare poisoning? Excessive muscle contraction. Inability for muscle contraction. Increased action potential frequency. Seizure-like activity.

Inability for muscle contraction.

How does nicotine poisoning lead to death?

Nicotine poisoning depolarizes muscle cells and does not allow them to repolarize. This leads to death since the diaphragm cannot reset for breathing.

Which neurotransmitter is released at the target synapse in the sympathetic nervous system? Acetylcholine Dopamine GABA Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine

Compare the origin in the CNS of sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Sympathetic origin is in thoracic and lumbar segments. Parasympathetic origin is in brainstem and sacral segments.

Which body part is not involved in the autonomic system? smooth muscle cardiac muscle glands adipose tissue epidermis

epidermis

True or False: Neurotoxins can only inhibit neurotransmitter release.

false

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are ___ while sympathetic preganglionic neurons are ____.

long, short

Where does the postganglionic neuron start and finish? Your answer

ganglia to target tissue

What is a preganglionic neuron?

ganglion is just a group of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Where does the synapse between the bouton and the skeletal muscle fiber occur? motor end plate the target cell interstitial fluid fibrous matrix

motor end plate

What is the name for where the somatic motor neuron meets the muscle?

neuromuscular junction

Nicotine binds to ____ receptors. nicotinic cholinergic alpha beta 1 beta 2

nicotinic cholinergic

In nicotine poisoning, what does nicotine bind to?

nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is known as the rest and digest subdivision? parasympathetic somatic sympathetic voluntary Clear selection

parasympathetic

What is the neuroeffector junction between? post-ganglionic cell and target cell pre-ganglionic cell and ganglion pre-ganglionic cell and post-ganglionic cell pre-ganglionic cell and target cell

post-ganglionic cell and target cell

What is varicosity? potential end of an axon cell body first neurotransmitter last dendrite

potential end of an axon

What is the parasympathetic nervous division referred to as? rest and digest fight or flight fight or freeze rest and sleep

rest and digest

Which of the following is an exception to antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system? skeletal muscle cardiac muscle voluntary muscle smooth muscle

smooth muscle

Which of the following is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle? somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system

somatic nervous system

What are the only two things not under antagonistic control in the sympathetic NS?

sweat glands and bood vessels

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is known as the fight or flight subdivision? parasympathetic somatic sympathetic voluntary

sympathetic

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Name one difference between postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. Your answer

sympathetic secrete NE, parasympathetic secrete ACh

Which of the following is an accurate pairing? sympathetic: fight or digest parasympathetic: fight or flight sympathetic: fight or flight parasympathetic: ingest or digest

sympathetic: fight or flight

Which of the following is not a type of adrenergic receptor? alpha 1 beta 1 beta 2 delta 1

delta 1

Name one of the exceptions to antagonistic control. Your answer

"Exceptions to dual antagonistic innervation include the sweat glands and the smooth muscle in most blood vessels. These tissues are innervated only by the sympathetic branch and rely strictly on tonic (up-down) control."

How many neurons make up the somatic motor division? 1 2 3 4

1

Which of the following is NOT a step in somatic motor muscle control? Ca2+ channels open Acetylcholine crosses synaptic cleft Na+ influx into muscle fibers ATPase activation

ATPase activation

What do pre-ganglionic neurons release in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions? Norepinephrine Epinephrine Acetylcholine Substance P

Acetylcholine

What type of neurotransmitter is found in the neuromuscular junction of a somatic motor neuron? Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Dophamine

Acetylcholine

Both parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons release what receptor onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors? Norepinephrine Epinephrine GABA Ach

Ach

What is the first step to muscle contraction? Calcium channels open Acetylcholine vesicles fuse and release Action potential to axon terminal. Monovalent cation channels open.

Action potential to axon terminal.

Where are autonomic neurotransmitters synthesized? Axonal varicosities Cell Body Mitochondria Neurotransmitter receptors

Axonal varicosities

Name one similarity between preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. Your answer

Both release acetylcholine

What is the parasympathetic autonomic division origin? Legs Brain stem Cerebellum

Brain stem

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate? Brainstem Spinal Cord Cerebellum Lumbar region

Brainstem

Where does the neuron in the somatic motor division originate from? Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Hypothalamus Brain

CNS

The preganglionic neuron extends from where to where? CNS to ganglia Ganglia to target tissue Neuron to cytoplasm Liver to spleen

CNS to ganglia

Where are sympathetic ganglion located? Close to spinal cord On the target Close to the target Location doesn't matter

Close to spinal cord

Which of the following is a characteristic of the somatic motor division? Contains only one long neuron Non-specific Contains pre and post ganglionic nerves All receptors are GPCR

Contains only one long neuron

What is the name of the neurotoxin that poisonous frogs carry? Acetylcholine Curare Nicotine Epinephrine

Curare

Which of the following is TRUE about neurotoxins? Curare blocks somatic nicotinic receptors from binding Ach. Curare makes muscle contraction slower. Curare is irreversible and almost always leads to death. Curare blocks somatic nicotinic receptors from binding NE.

Curare blocks somatic nicotinic receptors from binding Ach.

What is the consequence of curare poisoning?

Curare poisoning can block nicotinic receptors and prevent muscle contraction. This leads to death by respiratory paralysis if the neurotoxin does not wear off in time.

Describe why nicotine is harmful for kids even in very little amounts.

Even small amounts of nicotine can be lethal for a child; it can lead to respiratory paralysis, including your diaphragm and it cannot reset.

T/F: The somatic motor pathway uses varicosities to release neurotransmitters. True False

False

True or False: Alpha receptors only react to norepinephrine. True False

False

True or False: Most, but not all, receptors are G-coupled receptors in the autonomic nervous system. True False

False

True or False: Neurotransmitters are released from varicosities in the parasympathetic nervous system and boutons in the sympathetic.

False

True or False: Only sympathetic and NOT parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors. True False

False

True or False: Parasympathetic has both muscarinic nicotinic receptors on the target cell that receives acetylcholine. True False

False

True or False: The preganglionic neuron is shorter in the parasympathetic nervous system than the sympathetic nervous system True False

False

True or False: The sympathetic subdivision is responsible for resting and digesting. True False

False

Which phrase describes the sympathetic nervous system? Rest and digest Fight or flight Rest and test Excite and fight

Fight or flight

Which of the following is FALSE about the somatic nervous system? It has more neurons than the parasympathetic nervous system. Where the neuron meets the muscle is the neuromuscular junction. It is very targeted in its response. The receptors accept acetylcholine.

It has more neurons than the parasympathetic nervous system.

Explain how the autonomic nervous system is predominantly under antagonistic control

Most of the time, autonomic control of body function "seesaws" back and forth between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches as they cooperate to fine-tine various processes. One branch is excitatory and the other branch is inhibitory.

Describe how nicotine impacts the ability of the cell to depolarize and repolarize.

Nicotine acts as a agonist and binds to nAChR. This causes the cell to depolarize but the cell cannot repolarize, resulting in respiratory paralysis as the muscle can't reset.

What happens when nicotine binds nicotinic receptors?

Nicotine acts as agonist for these receptors. When it binds, the cell depolarizes.

Where is the ganglia located in the parasympathetic nervous system? On or near the target organ Alongside the vertebral column In ganglionic chains Near the spinal cord

On or near the target organ

Which phrase describes the parasympathetic nervous system? Rest and digest Fight or Flight Rest and test Excite and fight

Rest and digest

How are the sympathetic pathways characterized? Short preganglionic, long postganglionic Short preganglionic, short postganglionic Long preganglionic, long postganglionic Long preganglionic, short postganglionic

Short preganglionic, long postganglionic

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are ___ while sympathetic postganglionic neurons are ____ Your answer

Short, long

Which of the following is a somatic target? Skeletal Muscle Cardiac muscle Adipose Tissue The Brain

Skeletal Muscle

Which one of the following do autonomic neurons NOT target? Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle glands Adipose tissue/fat Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle

Which of the following would occur due to parasympathetic excitation? Slower heart rate Faster Heart Rate Increased Breathing Broca's Aphasia

Slower heart rate

What part of the sympathetic nervous system does not respond to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and instead uses acetylcholine? Blood vessels Smooth muscle Adipose tissue Sweat glands

Sweat glands

Tell me about the Somatic Motor Neuron synapse with the target muscle cell. Your answer

The Somatic Motor Neuron is very much more intentional and it is very targeted, which allows for a precise response and greater control of our muscles. The receptor for all is a nicotinic cholinergic receptor which receives the acetylcholine transmitter released by the somatic nervous system.

What is the origin of the somatic motor neuron? The anterior horn of the spinal cord. The thoracic region of the spinal cord. The medulla oblongata and other parts of the brainstem. The sacral region of the spinal cord.

The anterior horn of the spinal cord.

Please describe the length of the preganglionic and postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

The preganglionic neuron is relatively short in the sympathetic nervous system but longer in the parasympathetic nervous system. The postganglionic neuron is relatively long in the sympathetic nervous system and short in the parasympathetic nervous system.

How are neurotransmitters stopped?

They are degraded

Which is true about sweat glands and blood vessel smooth muscle? They only have parasympathetic innervation They are under tonic control They are under antagonistic control They have both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

They are under tonic control

What is the origin of the sympathetic nervous system?

Thoracic Spine

Which of the following is an origin for nerves of the sympathetic nervous system? Cervical Spine Thoracic Spine Cranial Nerve Sacral Spine

Thoracic Spine

What is the sympathetic autonomic division origin? Brain stem Thoracic and lumbar region Cervical region

Thoracic and lumbar region

True or False: Adrenergic receptors are GPCR. True False

True

True or False: Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release ACh onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors. True False

True

True or False: Nicotine poisoning is usually more severe in children than adults

True

True or False: Preganglionic neurons are shorter than postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system. True False

True

True or False: Preganglionic neurons go from the CNS to the ganglia, and postganglionic neurons go from the ganglia to the target tissue. True False

True

True or False: Respiratory paralysis by curare is reversible. True False

True

True or False: Somatic motor neurons are very intentional, while the autonomic nervous system has varicosities that aren't as specific. True False

True

True or False: Sweat glands are under tonic control. True False

True

True or False: The somatic nervous system is one long myelinated neuron. True False

True

True or False: The somatic neuron is very intentional and targeted, allowing for more control over the muscles. True False

True

True or False: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight. True False

True

True or False: There is a pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neuron on both the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. True False

True

True or False: Varicosities create a more widespread release of neurotransmitter. True False

True

True or False: the somatic motor neuron originates in the central nervous system. True False

True

True or false: The autonomic nervous system is largely under antagonistic control. True False

True

What does type 1 alpha receptor do to the body? Your answer

contracts muscle, secretion by gland

Where are the sympathetic autonomic ganglia? Vertebral Column Arms Post ganglia

Vertebral Column

What is the role of Ca+2 in motor neuron stimulation?

When action potential reaches the action terminal, the voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open and influxes into the cell. This triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.

What does acetylcholinesterase degrade? norepinephrine epinephrine acetylcholine glucose

acetylcholine

List all of the steps that have to occur with the somatic motor neuron to allow for muscle contraction. Your answer

action potential has to reach the axon terminal. This is in turn going to open voltage-gated calcium channels. You get calcium influx into the cell at the axon terminal. This influx, the signals, the release of acetylcholine vesicles as they fuse with the membrane. Acetylcholine now moves into the synapse. It crosses the synaptic cleft where it is received by nicotinic cholinergic receptors. The binding of acetylcholine with these nicotinic cholinergic receptors then opens monovalent cation channels. The opening of these channels lead to sodium influx or entry into the muscle fiber. This sodium influx leads to depolarization, which ultimately leads to muscle contraction.

Recalling the steps for muscle contraction with the somatic neuron, what happens to the cell right before the muscle contracts? the cell depolarizes there is an influx of Ca2+ into the cell acetylcholine crosses the synaptic cleft voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open

the cell depolarizes

True/False: Autonomic control is predominantly under antagonistic control True False

true