Chapter 16 / Answers & Study Guide - HIS 1053

The Republican congressional coalition that had championed Southern Reconstruction fell apart after what year?

- 1873

Black churches helped lift Black literacy rates from just 5 percent in 1870 to _____ percent by 1890.

- 70

Radical Republicans were largely made up of ______.

- Abolitionists

Northern religious and reform organizations played an important role in providing staff and supplies for ______.

- Black schools

Following Booth's shooting of Lincoln, unfounded rumors spread that ______.

- Booth was part of a widespread Confederate plot to overthrow the federal government

The Democratic opposition to Reconstruction governments were known as ______.

- Dixiecrats

What does the "10 percent" refer to under Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan?

- In a former Confederate state, 10 percent of the number of voters in 1860 would have to swear loyalty to the union in order for the state to be readmitted to the union.

What was the Compromise of 1877?

- In exchange for the presidency, Republicans agreed to let white Southerners run their own political affairs.

What did the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution do?

- It banned slavery except as punishment for a crime.

What did the Fourteenth Amendment do?

- It granted citizenship to formerly enslaved people.

What did the Fifteenth Amendment do?

- It guaranteed Black men the right to vote.

What contribution did the Fourteenth Amendment make to the electoral system?

- It stipulated that states would lose government representation if adult male citizens were prevented from voting.

Which of the following was true of the South's white yeomen farmers following the Civil War?

- Many had been left destitute and could not return to a prewar life. - Many bitterly resented the elite planter class.

In 1875, Southern Democrats announced the ______, which included using heavily armed white militias to prevent Black and white Republicans from voting.

- Mississippi Plan

Following Lincoln's assassination, public opinion swung in favor of the ______.

- Radical Republicans

Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan was deeply unacceptable to which congressional faction

- Radical Republicans

Which of the following was true of the 1876 election?

- Republican Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular vote but won the Electoral College vote.

Rural freed people used ______ as vehicles for putting education, labor, and land reform on the Republicans' political agenda.

- Republican Union Leagues

During Reconstruction, Southern planters and, eventually, poor white farmers blamed their economic difficulties on ______.

- Republican lawmakers and freed people

Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867 to prevent President Johnson from firing the _______, Edwin Stanton.

- Secretary of War

In the cotton and tobacco belts, _____ emerged as the dominant mode of farming among both white and Black farmers after the Civil War.

- Sharecropping

In a major exception, the state of _____ made farms available at an affordable price to fourteen thousand Black Americans.

- South Carolina

Following the Compromise of 1877, _____ took control of the South.

- Southern Democrats and their militias

House Republicans voted to impeach Johnson because he violated the _____ Act.

- Tenure of Office (1867 act prohibiting the president from removing officials whose appointment required Senate approval.)

What agency did Congress establish to oversee Southern Reconstruction?

- The Freedmen's Bureau

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 stipulate?

- The government had a duty to treat all people equally. - All people were entitled to equal access to theaters, restaurants, transportation, or other public spaces.

How did Memorial Day remembrances of the Civil War change after 1873?

- The role of slavery as a catalyst for the war was de-emphasized.

How did federal courts respond to the part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 that mandated equal access to public accommodations?

- They interpreted it to mean that "separate, but equal" accommodations for people of color was an acceptable alternative.

How did many former slaveholders view freed people's desire to work for themselves?

- They misinterpreted it as laziness.

Why did Northern investors not provide money to Southern Reconstruction efforts?

- They mistrusted the radically democratic Southern governments. - They preferred to invest in railroad and mining opportunities in the West.

Following the Reconstruction Act of 1867, the _____ worked closely to execute the biggest government-led voter registration drive in American history.

- U.S. Army and Union Leagues

Black Codes typically barred freed people from ______.

- accessing lines of credit - owning farms

The Freedman's Bureau mandate was that formerly enslaved people would be best served in their peaceful transition to freedom by being able to

- become landowners. - voluntarily enter into labor and marriage contracts.

At the 1867 Southern state conventions, ______.

- both Black and white delegates drafted new state constitutions

As Democrats took back control of Southern state governments, Decoration Day became a ______.

- celebration of Confederate heroism

During the Reconstruction era, _____ were the principal spaces within which freed people experienced and expressed their independence.

- churches

Following the Reconstruction Act of 1867, many freed people ______.

- defied the unfair contracts they had been forced to sign

In early 1866, the new Freedman's Bureau Bill ______.

- established military courts to enforce the legal rights of freed people - provided for the distribution of land to freed people - gave the bureau the authority to cancel the repressive labor contracts that many Black Southerners had been forced to sign

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the South into ______ districts, to be administered directly by federal military officers.

- five

Black Codes affected aspiring Black business people by ______.

- forcing them to apply for costly licenses

During Reconstruction, relatively few Black candidates for office were ______.

- formerly enslaved as plantation laborers

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 stipulated that Southern states could only reenter the union if they ______.

- granted voting rights to Black men - disenfranchised ex-Confederate leaders

What aspects were added to the idea of "national reconstruction" following Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863?

- how to ensure the freedom of formerly enslaved people - how do deal with the South's old ruling class

At the Colfax massacre in Louisiana on Easter Sunday, White League terrorists ______.

- killed hundreds of Black men while attempting to unseat elected Republican officials

After President Johnson allowed ex-Confederates to retake power, moderate and Radical Republicans called for ______.

- land redistribution - Congress to replace the president in organizing Reconstruction - universal male suffrage

Historians use the term Reconstruction to refer to which two aspects of the post-Civil-War era?

- legally readmitting Confederate states to the Union - dealing with the old Southern ruling class and ensuring the freedoms of formerly enslaved people

In the South, the Union Leagues worked hard to ______.

- limit the political and social power of the planter elite

Following the Civil War, Black Southerners in cities joyously celebrated their freedom by ______.

- participating in parades

The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 ______.

- prohibited the federal government from using the army to enforce the law

In U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not ______.

- protect an individual's rights from violation by private individuals and mobs

The first initiative of the Freedmen's Bureau was to ______.

- provide food to formerly enslaved people and poor white Southerners facing starvation

The Fifteenth Amendment stipulated that a citizen's right to vote could not be denied on the basis of ______.

- race

Under the system that emerged in the South following the Civil War, sharecroppers ______.

- rented and independently farmed part of a large plantation and split the crop with the landowner as rent

Which of the following were tasks for which the Freedman's Bureau was responsible?

- securing civil peace - distributing food to freed people and poor white Southerners - helping refugees locate their families

In 1870, Hiram Revels, a minister and educator who had helped raise Black regiments during the war, became the first Black ______.

- senator

Among the wide range of mutual aid societies established by freed people during Reconstruction, tenants' clubs helped ______.

- sharecroppers

In the Slaughterhouse Cases of 1873, the Supreme Court ruled that ______.

- states were free to limit a person's right to education and welfare on the basis of race

The Northern Republicans who broke away to form the Liberal Republican Party believed that ______.

- the Ku Klux Klan enforcement acts gave the federal government too much power - the uneducated laboring people had too much power in the new Southern government

Under the Wade-Davis Bill of 1864, ______.

- the majority of a Southern state's voters needed to pledge allegiance to the union - Former Confederate states needed to craft new Constitutions banning slavery

Following the Civil War, many freed people ______.

- tried to reunite their families - took steps to acquire small farms

Toward the end of 1865, the Freedman's Bureau ______.

- urged freed people to sign labor contracts with the planters and return to plantation labor

During Reconstruction, groups like the White Leagues or the Red Shirts ______.

- used violence and intimidation to prevent Black Americans from voting or asserting independence

During Reconstruction, white and Black Republicans in the South split over ______.

- using tax increases to fund public services

Andrew Johnson required Southern states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment as a condition for re-entry into the union because he ______.

- wanted to reduce the power of the planter class

Following the Civil War, wealthy former slaveholders ______.

- were surprised that freed people generally did not want to work for them, even for wages

During Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan was the most prominent of several _______.

- white supremacist terrorist organizations

Following the Colfax massacre and the U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876) decision, ______.

- white supremacists became emboldened and many white Northerners stopped supporting Reconstruction

The Republicans who occupied the most powerful positions in state governments in the Reconstruction era were typically ______.

- white upcountry yeomen

What were the terms of Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan?

-At least 10 percent of the number of voters in 1860 would have to swear loyalty to the union. - Leaders of the Confederacy would not be allowed to hold office. - The rebel states would have to accept the end of slavery.