Chapter 11

Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2.

water

_______ gain energy via the oxidation of reduced inorganic chemicals, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

During photosynthesis, anoxygenic phototrophs use _______ as a source of electrons to make reducing power.

H2S

A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that ______.

O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels

2. mycobaterium ____________ bacteria notable pathogens __________ , ____________ more resistant to _______________ bc of ___________

acid fast mycolic acid in cell wall prevents gram staining saprophytes living on dead and decaying matter m. tuberculosis, m. leprae disinfectants bc of capsule

B. Facultative anaerobes use _________________ but can ferment

aerobic respiration

Chemoorganotrophs that perform ______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor.

anaerobic respiration

Which of the following were likely the earliest photosynthesizing organisms?

anoxygenic phototrophs

Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain?

archaea

lactococcus

cheese

Members of the Gram-negative genera Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. An example of their metabolism involves using ______.

hydrogen as a source of energy and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, forming water

An anaerobic chemoorganotroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is performing ______.

fermentation

enterococcus

human and animal intestinal tract

3. vibrio found in ________ gram ____________

marine environments gram negative straight or slightly curved rods v. cholerae

10. genus neisseria species gram

negative ; kidney bean shaped cocci found in pairs common microbiota of humans; mucous membranes strict aerobes some grow anaerobically n. gonorrhoeae n. meningitidis

8. genus haemophilus gram

negative coccobacilli blood loving respiratory tract h inflenzae

11. treponema and borrelia gram

negative spirochetes

Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______.

nitrogen fixation

clostridium gram _________ ______________ forming

positive endospore common in soils vegetative cells live in anaerobic micro-environments created by aerobes

2. family enterobacteriaceae: gram __________

enterics gram negative rods found in intestinal tract of humans; some soil many pathogenic

Bacteria that oxidize sulfur are Gram-negative rods or spirals that ______.

use sulfur compounds as an energy source and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

lactic acid bacteria gram _________

positive aerobic environments but usually ferment

Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs A. Obligate Aerobes: cannot ferment 1.micrococcus: gram __________

positive cocci soil, dust, particles, skin pigmented colonies

1. corynebacterium gram _______

positive pleomorphic rods wide spread

3. pseudomonas gram ___________

negative rods soil, water, most harmless

obligate intracellular parasites

cannot multiply unless they invade a specific host cell and instruct its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release new viruses

Anaerobic Chemotrophs A. Anaerobic Chemolithotrophs

chemolithotrophs oxidize inorganic chemicals for energy anaerobes (no O2 present) use alternative electron acceptor most in domain archaea -methanogens are one group

oxygenic phototrophs cyanobacteria use ________ as source of electrons for reducing power gram ________ convert ammonia: ______________

earliest water harvest sunlight to convert into organic compounds negative nitrogen fixation

A group of bacteria called green bacteria are ______.

gram negative

streptococcus

oral cavity some pathogenic

Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs oxidize _____________ for energy ATP made via

organic compounds; glucose via fermentation subtrate level phosphorylation

Aerobic chemoorganotrophs gain energy via the _______, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.

oxidation of organic compounds

B. Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs-- fermentation

oxidize organic compounds for energy, like glucose via fermentation ATP made via substrate level phosphorylation

As a group, chemolithotrophs ______ to obtain energy.

oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas

Lactobacillus

rod shaped, common in mouth, vagina glycogen ; break down

Animals as their habitats A. genus staphylococcus species inhabit the skin

skin typically dry, salty, gram positive cocci facultative anaerobbes most are harmless; normal microbiota s. epidermidis some medically important s. aureus skin and wound infections s. saprophyticus UTI

9. genus mycoplasma lack cell wall

sterols smallest forms of life

respiratory genitourinary system intestinal tract

streptococcus, corynebacterium lactobacillus (vagina) clostridium, enterobacteriaceae

6. genus bordetella small gram _____________

gram negative coccobacilli aerobic b. pertussis causes whooping cough in humans

7. genus campylocacter and helicobacter: gram

gram negative curved rods c. jejuni intestinal of poultry diarrhea in humans h pylori causes ulcers

4. genus bacteroides: gram __________

gram negative rods and coccobacilli strict anaerobes ; mouth, intestinal tract, genital tract digestion one third of bacteria in feces infections and abscesses following surgery

Bacillus and Clostridium gram ___________ bacillus include clostridium

gram positive rods obligate and facultative anaerobes obligate anaerobes both can cause disease

B. streptomyces over 500 species of aerobic gram ______________ bacteria

gram positive resembles fungi produce medically useful antibiotics including streptomycin, tetracylcline, erythromycin

5. genus bifidobacterium gram ________

gram positive irregular rods anaerobes ; intestinal tract of humans most common members of intestinal microbiota of breast fed infants