Chapter 11
Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2.
water
_______ gain energy via the oxidation of reduced inorganic chemicals, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.
Aerobic chemolithotrophs
During photosynthesis, anoxygenic phototrophs use _______ as a source of electrons to make reducing power.
H2S
A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that ______.
O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels
2. mycobaterium ____________ bacteria notable pathogens __________ , ____________ more resistant to _______________ bc of ___________
acid fast mycolic acid in cell wall prevents gram staining saprophytes living on dead and decaying matter m. tuberculosis, m. leprae disinfectants bc of capsule
B. Facultative anaerobes use _________________ but can ferment
aerobic respiration
Chemoorganotrophs that perform ______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor.
anaerobic respiration
Which of the following were likely the earliest photosynthesizing organisms?
anoxygenic phototrophs
Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain?
archaea
lactococcus
cheese
Members of the Gram-negative genera Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. An example of their metabolism involves using ______.
hydrogen as a source of energy and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, forming water
An anaerobic chemoorganotroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is performing ______.
fermentation
enterococcus
human and animal intestinal tract
3. vibrio found in ________ gram ____________
marine environments gram negative straight or slightly curved rods v. cholerae
10. genus neisseria species gram
negative ; kidney bean shaped cocci found in pairs common microbiota of humans; mucous membranes strict aerobes some grow anaerobically n. gonorrhoeae n. meningitidis
8. genus haemophilus gram
negative coccobacilli blood loving respiratory tract h inflenzae
11. treponema and borrelia gram
negative spirochetes
Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______.
nitrogen fixation
clostridium gram _________ ______________ forming
positive endospore common in soils vegetative cells live in anaerobic micro-environments created by aerobes
2. family enterobacteriaceae: gram __________
enterics gram negative rods found in intestinal tract of humans; some soil many pathogenic
Bacteria that oxidize sulfur are Gram-negative rods or spirals that ______.
use sulfur compounds as an energy source and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor
lactic acid bacteria gram _________
positive aerobic environments but usually ferment
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs A. Obligate Aerobes: cannot ferment 1.micrococcus: gram __________
positive cocci soil, dust, particles, skin pigmented colonies
1. corynebacterium gram _______
positive pleomorphic rods wide spread
3. pseudomonas gram ___________
negative rods soil, water, most harmless
obligate intracellular parasites
cannot multiply unless they invade a specific host cell and instruct its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release new viruses
Anaerobic Chemotrophs A. Anaerobic Chemolithotrophs
chemolithotrophs oxidize inorganic chemicals for energy anaerobes (no O2 present) use alternative electron acceptor most in domain archaea -methanogens are one group
oxygenic phototrophs cyanobacteria use ________ as source of electrons for reducing power gram ________ convert ammonia: ______________
earliest water harvest sunlight to convert into organic compounds negative nitrogen fixation
A group of bacteria called green bacteria are ______.
gram negative
streptococcus
oral cavity some pathogenic
Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs oxidize _____________ for energy ATP made via
organic compounds; glucose via fermentation subtrate level phosphorylation
Aerobic chemoorganotrophs gain energy via the _______, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.
oxidation of organic compounds
B. Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs-- fermentation
oxidize organic compounds for energy, like glucose via fermentation ATP made via substrate level phosphorylation
As a group, chemolithotrophs ______ to obtain energy.
oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas
Lactobacillus
rod shaped, common in mouth, vagina glycogen ; break down
Animals as their habitats A. genus staphylococcus species inhabit the skin
skin typically dry, salty, gram positive cocci facultative anaerobbes most are harmless; normal microbiota s. epidermidis some medically important s. aureus skin and wound infections s. saprophyticus UTI
9. genus mycoplasma lack cell wall
sterols smallest forms of life
respiratory genitourinary system intestinal tract
streptococcus, corynebacterium lactobacillus (vagina) clostridium, enterobacteriaceae
6. genus bordetella small gram _____________
gram negative coccobacilli aerobic b. pertussis causes whooping cough in humans
7. genus campylocacter and helicobacter: gram
gram negative curved rods c. jejuni intestinal of poultry diarrhea in humans h pylori causes ulcers
4. genus bacteroides: gram __________
gram negative rods and coccobacilli strict anaerobes ; mouth, intestinal tract, genital tract digestion one third of bacteria in feces infections and abscesses following surgery
Bacillus and Clostridium gram ___________ bacillus include clostridium
gram positive rods obligate and facultative anaerobes obligate anaerobes both can cause disease
B. streptomyces over 500 species of aerobic gram ______________ bacteria
gram positive resembles fungi produce medically useful antibiotics including streptomycin, tetracylcline, erythromycin
5. genus bifidobacterium gram ________
gram positive irregular rods anaerobes ; intestinal tract of humans most common members of intestinal microbiota of breast fed infants