Chapter 11
Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of
genartivity
According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward
generativity
A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their
genetic profile
A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their:
genetic profile
Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend?
hair color, and height
Select all the consequences of low self-esteem in adolescence that may show in adulthood.
high levels of anxiety lower life satisfaction overweight
According to new research findings, young children are (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.
more
During middle and late childhood, children's self-understanding becomes ______ complex.
more
Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are:
more psychologically aware of themselves and others.
According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.
must be made again and again
Which of the following is a criticism of Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life?
no females studied
According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.
novice
In selective optimization with compensation theory, the term selection refers to the concept that:
older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains.
Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term:
optimism
Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.
optimism
Jacob, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of
stagnation
At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?
4-5 years
Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?
4-year-old Kaylee, regarding her friend's excuses
At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years?
40s
Which of the following are Marcia's four statuses of identity?
Foreclosure, moraturium, diffusion, achievement
Perspective taking is thought to be important in determining whether children will
develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors.
Which action is NOT an important aspect of an adolescent's developing understanding of others?
engaging in egocentrism
Self- is also referred to as self-worth, or self-image.
esteem
Most researchers use ______ to refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives
exploration
Which of the following are the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood according to Levinson?
exploring the possibilities for adult living developing a stable life structure
In countries like the United States and Japan, which of the following provides more time for further self-reflection and self-understanding as individuals transition into adulthood?
extended schooling
Which of the following Big Five factors have been shown to peak between 40 and 60 years of age and decrease in late adulthood?
extraversion agreeableness openness
True or false: Secure attachment in a romantic relationship can only be formed after one's identity is fully developed.
false
According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?
five years
The developmental concept of self-________is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.
understanding
Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves.
verbally
Eriksons stages of development
1. Trust vs. mistrust (Birth to 12-18 months) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years to 5-6 years 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-6 years to adolescence) 5. Identity vs. identity confusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood) 8. Ego-Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)
According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
38
Which of the following are conclusions reached by most adult development experts regarding midlife crises?
A minority of adults experience midlife crises. Midlife crises have been exaggerated.
Which of the following are methods of helping a child develop social interaction and relationships?
Acknowledge shared intentions Applaud the child's accomplishments Talk with a child about emotions
What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?
Adults who experienced adjustment difficulties had lower self-esteem in adolescence than their successful counterparts.
Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood?
Being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands
What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?
Cognitive flexibility Cognitive inhibition
According to a recent meta-analysis of stability and change, which of the following Big Five factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood?
Conscientiousness
Adolescence is unique because for the first time, physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development advance to the point that individuals can do which three of the following things?
Construct a viable path toward adult maturity Sort through childhood experiences and identities Synthesize childhood identities and identifications
Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding.
Describing themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits Understanding of their real self and ideal self Referencing social comparison Using social descriptions
Which of the following are Marcia's four statuses of identity?
Identity foreclosure Identity achievement Identity moratorium Identity diffusion
What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?
Identity versus identity confusion
Which of the following best characterizes how people with a bicultural identity identify?
In some ways with their ethnic group and in some ways with the majority culture
Which advances in adolescence provide adolescents with the tools to develop better self-control?
Increased introspection Greater independence Better understanding of the importance of delayed gratification
Which of the following is true of correlational research?
It does not establish causation.
According to recent research, the Big Five personality factors that predicted higher mortality risk included which two of the following?
Neuroticism Low conscientiousness
According to contemporary views, which of the following are characteristics of an individual with a healthy identity?
Open to change Flexible Adaptive
What defines identity moratorium?
Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment
Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding
Psychological characteristics and traits, social descriptions, social comparison, real self and ideal self, realistic
Match the dimensions of individuality and connectedness to their appropriate characteristic.
Self-assertion-the ability to have and communicate a point of view Separateness-the use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others Mutuality-sensitivity and respect for others' views Permeability-openness to others' view
Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-understanding and identity development?
Self-understanding underpins the development of identity.
Individuality consists of which two of the following dimensions?
Separateness Self-assertion
Which of the following are among the major personality theories?
Social cognitive theory Psychoanalytic theories
Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood
Taking the perspective of others
Which statements are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children?
Talking about internal states can help young children understand them. Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously envisioned.
Which of the following is true in cross-cultural studies of adolescent self-image?
The majority of adolescents have a positive self-image.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the findings about gender differences in self-esteem among students entering first grade?
The self-esteem of girls and boys is basically equivalent.
Which two of the following are common criticisms of stage theories of adult development?
They place too much emphasis on crisis in development. There is considerable variation in the way people experience the stages.
Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. Tony is a yoga instructor and has a well-established coping strategy when he is stressed. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?
Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without a similar level of social support and coping strategies.
Match the appropriate changes in self-esteem to the correct developmental stage.
Twenties-increased slightly Fifties and sixties-rose considerably Seventies and eighties-dropped significantly Thirties and forties-leveled off
Which aspects of understanding others are important in adolescent development?
Understanding multiple perspectives Monitoring the social world Perceiving others' traits
What determines identity diffusion?
absence of both crisis and commitment
Which of the following is NOT a quality that differentiates an adolescent's self-understanding from that of a child?
active description
According to Erikson, at what point does identity become a key dimension in individuals' lives
adolescence
One of the most important aspects of the self in middle and late childhood is:
an increased capacity for self-regulation.
The ______ study/studies found little to support the view that personality universally changes or remains stable from early adolescence through a portion of midlife.
berkeley
A student identifies herself as Chinese American. She identifies with both Chinese culture and American culture. She has a ______ identity.
bi-cultural
When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth and helps to refine their representations of who they are and what other people are like, the adult is serving as a relational:
catalyst
Selective optimization with ______ theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master
compensation
According to recent research, having a higher level of the Big Five personality factor ______ predicted greater longevity in older adults.
conscientiousness
According to recent research, having a higher level of the Big Five personality factor ______ predicted greater longevity in older adults. Multiple choice question.
conscientiousness
Most of the research on self-esteem is:
correlational
As compared to Vaillant, Levinson views midlife as a
crisis
According to James Marcia, identity status is based on:
crisis and committment
According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called
crisis, or exploration
According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?
determining life goals
According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus--confusion stage of development.
identity
Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of:
identity
The tendency to compare oneself with others ______ in adolescence.
increases
In self-______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts.
integration
A common finding is that the (less/more) time between measurements of personality characteristics, the more stability they show.
less
Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?
levinson
According to selective optimization with compensation theory, ______ makes it possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies.
optimization
Louise is 70 years old and has permanently lost sight in her right eye. Louise is adapting well to this loss with application of the three key factors described in selective ______ with compensation theory.
optimization
According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are:
overstated
How is commitment defined by Marcia?
personal investment in identityz
The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as:
personality
______ characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.
personality
As compared to the other answers, global self-esteem is most strongly correlated with:
physical appearance
The increased capacity for self-regulation in adolescence is linked to developmental advances in what area of the brain?
prefrontal cortex
Following the Grant Study, Vaillant concluded that which of the following is the main focus of a person in his forties?
reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years
As individuals move from adolescence to adulthood, they begin to engage in more self-______ about what they want to do with their lives.
reflection
By the age of 2 to 3 years old children are aware of limitations on self-. For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.
regulation
Self- gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.
regulation
Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?
self
Resisting temptation is an important aspect of a preschooler's:
self control
The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, EXCEPT
self control
Fill in the blank question. "I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- (concept/esteem). "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- (concept/esteem).
self-esteem, self-concept
Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?
self-help
Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing
self-recognition
Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating:
self-regulation
When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their:
self-understanding
In a 2002 cross-sectional study of self-esteem, self-esteem dropped significantly in the
seventies and eighties
Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a "cheerleader." Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?
social descriptions
The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?
the life-stage context the individual's adaptation to the life event mediating factors
Which of the following is associated with the increases in sensation seeking and risk taking in adolescence?
the limbic system
True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods
true
True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.
true
True or false: According to Levinson, his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age apply to both men and women.
true
True or false: The capacity to explore one's identity during adolescence and emerging adulthood is linked to the quality of friendships and romantic relationships.
true