Chapter 11

Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of

genartivity

According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward

generativity

A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their

genetic profile

A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their:

genetic profile

Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend?

hair color, and height

Select all the consequences of low self-esteem in adolescence that may show in adulthood.

high levels of anxiety lower life satisfaction overweight

According to new research findings, young children are (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.

more

During middle and late childhood, children's self-understanding becomes ______ complex.

more

Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are:

more psychologically aware of themselves and others.

According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.

must be made again and again

Which of the following is a criticism of Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life?

no females studied

According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.

novice

In selective optimization with compensation theory, the term selection refers to the concept that:

older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains.

Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term:

optimism

Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.

optimism

Jacob, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of

stagnation

At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?

4-5 years

Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?

4-year-old Kaylee, regarding her friend's excuses

At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years?

40s

Which of the following are Marcia's four statuses of identity?

Foreclosure, moraturium, diffusion, achievement

Perspective taking is thought to be important in determining whether children will

develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors.

Which action is NOT an important aspect of an adolescent's developing understanding of others?

engaging in egocentrism

Self- is also referred to as self-worth, or self-image.

esteem

Most researchers use ______ to refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives

exploration

Which of the following are the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood according to Levinson?

exploring the possibilities for adult living developing a stable life structure

In countries like the United States and Japan, which of the following provides more time for further self-reflection and self-understanding as individuals transition into adulthood?

extended schooling

Which of the following Big Five factors have been shown to peak between 40 and 60 years of age and decrease in late adulthood?

extraversion agreeableness openness

True or false: Secure attachment in a romantic relationship can only be formed after one's identity is fully developed.

false

According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?

five years

The developmental concept of self-________is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.

understanding

Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves.

verbally

Eriksons stages of development

1. Trust vs. mistrust (Birth to 12-18 months) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years to 5-6 years 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-6 years to adolescence) 5. Identity vs. identity confusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood) 8. Ego-Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)

According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?

38

Which of the following are conclusions reached by most adult development experts regarding midlife crises?

A minority of adults experience midlife crises. Midlife crises have been exaggerated.

Which of the following are methods of helping a child develop social interaction and relationships?

Acknowledge shared intentions Applaud the child's accomplishments Talk with a child about emotions

What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?

Adults who experienced adjustment difficulties had lower self-esteem in adolescence than their successful counterparts.

Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood?

Being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?

Cognitive flexibility Cognitive inhibition

According to a recent meta-analysis of stability and change, which of the following Big Five factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood?

Conscientiousness

Adolescence is unique because for the first time, physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development advance to the point that individuals can do which three of the following things?

Construct a viable path toward adult maturity Sort through childhood experiences and identities Synthesize childhood identities and identifications

Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding.

Describing themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits Understanding of their real self and ideal self Referencing social comparison Using social descriptions

Which of the following are Marcia's four statuses of identity?

Identity foreclosure Identity achievement Identity moratorium Identity diffusion

What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?

Identity versus identity confusion

Which of the following best characterizes how people with a bicultural identity identify?

In some ways with their ethnic group and in some ways with the majority culture

Which advances in adolescence provide adolescents with the tools to develop better self-control?

Increased introspection Greater independence Better understanding of the importance of delayed gratification

Which of the following is true of correlational research?

It does not establish causation.

According to recent research, the Big Five personality factors that predicted higher mortality risk included which two of the following?

Neuroticism Low conscientiousness

According to contemporary views, which of the following are characteristics of an individual with a healthy identity?

Open to change Flexible Adaptive

What defines identity moratorium?

Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment

Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding

Psychological characteristics and traits, social descriptions, social comparison, real self and ideal self, realistic

Match the dimensions of individuality and connectedness to their appropriate characteristic.

Self-assertion-the ability to have and communicate a point of view Separateness-the use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others Mutuality-sensitivity and respect for others' views Permeability-openness to others' view

Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-understanding and identity development?

Self-understanding underpins the development of identity.

Individuality consists of which two of the following dimensions?

Separateness Self-assertion

Which of the following are among the major personality theories?

Social cognitive theory Psychoanalytic theories

Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood

Taking the perspective of others

Which statements are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children?

Talking about internal states can help young children understand them. Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously envisioned.

Which of the following is true in cross-cultural studies of adolescent self-image?

The majority of adolescents have a positive self-image.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the findings about gender differences in self-esteem among students entering first grade?

The self-esteem of girls and boys is basically equivalent.

Which two of the following are common criticisms of stage theories of adult development?

They place too much emphasis on crisis in development. There is considerable variation in the way people experience the stages.

Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. Tony is a yoga instructor and has a well-established coping strategy when he is stressed. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?

Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without a similar level of social support and coping strategies.

Match the appropriate changes in self-esteem to the correct developmental stage.

Twenties-increased slightly Fifties and sixties-rose considerably Seventies and eighties-dropped significantly Thirties and forties-leveled off

Which aspects of understanding others are important in adolescent development?

Understanding multiple perspectives Monitoring the social world Perceiving others' traits

What determines identity diffusion?

absence of both crisis and commitment

Which of the following is NOT a quality that differentiates an adolescent's self-understanding from that of a child?

active description

According to Erikson, at what point does identity become a key dimension in individuals' lives

adolescence

One of the most important aspects of the self in middle and late childhood is:

an increased capacity for self-regulation.

The ______ study/studies found little to support the view that personality universally changes or remains stable from early adolescence through a portion of midlife.

berkeley

A student identifies herself as Chinese American. She identifies with both Chinese culture and American culture. She has a ______ identity.

bi-cultural

When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth and helps to refine their representations of who they are and what other people are like, the adult is serving as a relational:

catalyst

Selective optimization with ______ theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master

compensation

According to recent research, having a higher level of the Big Five personality factor ______ predicted greater longevity in older adults.

conscientiousness

According to recent research, having a higher level of the Big Five personality factor ______ predicted greater longevity in older adults. Multiple choice question.

conscientiousness

Most of the research on self-esteem is:

correlational

As compared to Vaillant, Levinson views midlife as a

crisis

According to James Marcia, identity status is based on:

crisis and committment

According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called

crisis, or exploration

According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?

determining life goals

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus--confusion stage of development.

identity

Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of:

identity

The tendency to compare oneself with others ______ in adolescence.

increases

In self-______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts.

integration

A common finding is that the (less/more) time between measurements of personality characteristics, the more stability they show.

less

Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?

levinson

According to selective optimization with compensation theory, ______ makes it possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies.

optimization

Louise is 70 years old and has permanently lost sight in her right eye. Louise is adapting well to this loss with application of the three key factors described in selective ______ with compensation theory.

optimization

According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are:

overstated

How is commitment defined by Marcia?

personal investment in identityz

The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as:

personality

______ characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.

personality

As compared to the other answers, global self-esteem is most strongly correlated with:

physical appearance

The increased capacity for self-regulation in adolescence is linked to developmental advances in what area of the brain?

prefrontal cortex

Following the Grant Study, Vaillant concluded that which of the following is the main focus of a person in his forties?

reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years

As individuals move from adolescence to adulthood, they begin to engage in more self-______ about what they want to do with their lives.

reflection

By the age of 2 to 3 years old children are aware of limitations on self-. For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.

regulation

Self- gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.

regulation

Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?

self

Resisting temptation is an important aspect of a preschooler's:

self control

The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, EXCEPT

self control

Fill in the blank question. "I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- (concept/esteem). "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- (concept/esteem).

self-esteem, self-concept

Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?

self-help

Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing

self-recognition

Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating:

self-regulation

When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their:

self-understanding

In a 2002 cross-sectional study of self-esteem, self-esteem dropped significantly in the

seventies and eighties

Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a "cheerleader." Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?

social descriptions

The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?

the life-stage context the individual's adaptation to the life event mediating factors

Which of the following is associated with the increases in sensation seeking and risk taking in adolescence?

the limbic system

True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods

true

True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.

true

True or false: According to Levinson, his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age apply to both men and women.

true

True or false: The capacity to explore one's identity during adolescence and emerging adulthood is linked to the quality of friendships and romantic relationships.

true