Chapter 11, Cardiovascular system
During ventricular systole, high pressure in the ventricles pushes blood through the respective arteries. Atria and ventricles cannot contract at the same time, so the atria are in diastole during ventricular systole. put them in order
1. Intraventricular pressure begins to increase. 2. Atrioventricular (AV) valves close. 3. Isovolumetric contraction occurs. 4. Intraventricular pressure rises above arterial pressure. 5. Semilunar valves open. 6. Ventricular ejection occurs
Which type of vessel is constructed only from tunica intima?
Capillaries
The tiny white cords that anchor the cusps or flaps of endocardium to the walls of the ventricles are called the ________.
Chordae tendineae
When ventricles ________, the AV valves are closed.
Contract
Which one of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood?
pulmonary vein
Which vessels return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart?
pulmonary veins
The alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle creates a pressure wave known as a(n) ________.
pulse
The coronary veins empty blood from the myocardium into a large vein on the posterior side of the heart known as the ________.
coronary sinus
After ventricular contraction, the whole heart is briefly at rest and all the valves are closed. Which of the following statements best summarizes this early diastolic phase?
This is called isovolumetric relaxation and intraventricular pressure decreases.
Which of the following is NOT a method or pathway of movement for substances traveling across a capillary wall?
active transport using proteins and ATP
How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output?
decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output
Pressure in the ventricles is low
diastole
By what pathway does oxygen leave capillaries to supply body tissues?
diffusion through capillary cell membranes diffusion through pores
During ________________, the ventricles relax.
early diastole
The layer of the heart wall synonymous with the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is ________.
epicardium
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is actually the same layer as the ________.
epicardium
Which of the following increases heart rate?
epinephrine
Which of the following would increase heart rate?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
What does each femoral vein become as it enters the pelvis?
external iliac vein
Which of the following promotes vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure?
alcohol
Which of the following hormones promotes sodium ion (and water) reabsorption by the kidney in order to increase blood pressure and blood volume?
aldosterone
Which blood vessels are direct branches of the left coronary artery?
anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries
What is largest artery in the body?
aorta
An incompetent aortic semilunar valve would allow blood to backflow from the ________.
aorta to the left ventricle
The pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as the ________, rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip.
apex
Which type of vessel has a thick tunica media?
artery
Where does the sinoatrial node send an impulse after it initiates the electrical signal?
atrioventricular (AV) node
Substances tend to leave the bloodstream at the arterial end of the capillary because ________.
blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary
What blood vessel do you palpate when checking the pulse in your neck?
common carotid artery
Oxygented blood nourishing the myocardium comes from vessels that branch off the aorta called ________.
coronary arteries
The vagus nerve operates under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system and causes the ________.
heart rate to decrease
The single vessel that drains blood from the digestive tract organs to the liver is the ________.
hepatic portal vein
How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume?
increased contractility
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume?
increased end diastolic volune
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent?
increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
All four heart valves are briefly closed as pressure begins to rise in the ventricles, a phase known as ________.
isovolumetric contraction
The heart is situated within the medial section of the thoracic cavity known as the ________.
mediastinum
During _________________, the ventricles fill with blood.
mid-to-late diastole
The bicuspid valve is also referred to as the ________ valve.
mitral
Heart chamber that contains the sinoatrial node
right atrium
The coronary sinus empties blood from cardiac circulation into this chamber
right atrium
The fossa ovalis is visible in this chamber
right atrium
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
The tricuspid valve is located between the ________.
right atrium and right ventricle
Which one of the following does NOT receive blood directly from the aortic arch?
right common carotid artery
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
You notice a missing P wave on a patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) and believe there is a problem with the ________.
sinoatrial (SA) node
A pulmonary embolism can be a direct result from which of the following conditions?
thrombophlebitis
Through which valve will blood flow when leaving the right atrium?
tricuspid valve
Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
The correct sequence of layers of a typical blood vessel, from superficial to deep, are ________.
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
Our vessels lose elasticity as we age, as happens in arteriosclerosis. Which vessel layer is affected?
tunica media
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two pumps
Which of the following will slow the heart rate?
vagus nerve stimulation
Large veins have ________ to prevent the backflow of blood.
valves
Which of these will increase arterial blood pressure (BP)?
vasoconstriction of arteries
These vessels have thinner walls and transport oxygen-poor blood
veins
often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
veins
Which of the following vessels has the lowest blood pressure?
venae cavae
The mitral valve is normally closed ________.
when the ventricle is in systole
The heart sounds "lub" and "dup" result from ________.
closure of heart valves
The aorta is classified as one of these vessels
Arteries
These vessels carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
These vessels have thicker walls and a heavier tunica media
Arteries
During mid-to-late diastole, blood flows from the atria to fill their respective ventricles to prepare for systole. What is happening during this time?
Atria contract to force the remaining blood into the ventricles. Atrioventricular (AV) valves are open. Blood flows passively from veins through atria into ventricles.
Ventricular relaxation
Diastole
Heart chamber with the thickest wall
Left ventricle
What organ receives blood from the hepatic portal vein?
Liver
Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) results from the firing of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
P
Heart chamber that pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk
Right Ventricle
Blood is ejected from the ventricles through the pulmonary trunk and aorta
Systole
Semilunar valves are forced open as pressure in the heart rises
Systole
Blood pressure in these vessels is low or even negative
Veins
Some of these larger vessels have valves to prevent backflow
Veins
Superior and inferior vena cava are classified as these types of vessels
Veins
These vessels return blood to the heart
Veins
During mid-to-late diastole, blood flows from the atria to the ________.
Ventricles
Pulmonary arteries transport ________.
blood rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs
Nutrient and gas exchange occur in these vessels
capillaries
Venules drain these tiny beds of vessels
capillaries
sinoatrial (SA) node
celiac trunk
Where is the radial artery located?
lateral forearm
The four pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to this chamber
left atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
Inferior discharging chamber on the left side of the heart
left ventricle
Roof of this chamber contains the bicuspid valve
left ventricle
What chamber of the heart will blood enter after passing through the bicuspid valve?
left ventricle
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
Due to the presence of plasma proteins, what pressure draws fluids into capillaries?
osmotic pressure
Which vein returns blood to the femoral vein?
popliteal vein
What is the function of the heart valves?
prevents backflow of blood
Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue. The exceptions to this rule are the ________ arteries and veins.
pulmonary
The transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as ________ circulation.
pulmonary
Which of these describes a fenestrated capillary?
special capillary type with small pores found in tissue where absorption is important
From what organs does the hepatic portal vein receive blood?
stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas
The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle with each beat of the heart is called the ________.
stroke volume
What is the volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heart beat?
stroke volume (SV)
Atrioventricular (AV) valves shut as pressure in the heart rises
systole
Ventricular contraction
systole
during _________________, the ventricles contract
systole
