Chapter 11
1) Most muscles cross at least one a) tendon b) joint c) bone d) ligament e) body plane
B
12) Which of the following terms that can be used to name a muscle, implies that the muscle is diamond-shaped? a) deltoid b) rhomboid c) gracilis d) brevis e) tensor
B
23) Which of the following nerves controls most of the muscles of the tongue? a) trigeminal (V) nerve b) facial (VII) nerve c) hypoglossal (XII) nerve d) C1-C3 of the spinal nerves e) trochlear (IV) nerve
C
3) What is the most common class of levers found in the body? a) first class lever b) second class lever c) third class lever
C
32) The muscles of the pelvic floor originate on the pubis and __________, and insert onto soft tissues and the __________. a) anterior inferior iliac spine / ischial spine b) posterior superior iliac spine / sacrum c) ischial spine / coccyx d) sacrum / coccyx e) anterior inferior iliac spine / coccyx
C
34) Muscles of the ____ assist in urination, defecation, erection of the penis or clitoris, and ejaculation. a) thorax b) abdomen c) perineum d) vertebral column e) none of these choices
C
38) Which of the following muscles of the thorax is known as the "boxer's muscle" because of its role in moving the arm to make a punching motion? a) levator scapulae b) trapezius c) serratus anterior d) pectoralis minor e) rhomboid major
C
7) Which of the following is NOT a common arrangement of muscle fascicles? a) pennate b) triangular c) oval d) parallel e) fusiform
C
9) A muscle that acts as a __________ stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover may act more efficiently. a) antagonist b) abductor c) fixator d) synergist e) agonist
C
55) Improper lifting of a heavy load (such as trying to lift a box of books from its position on the floor), is most likely to cause painful back spasms in which muscle(s)? a) splenius capitis b) splenius cervicis c) longissimus thoracis d) erector spinae e) scalene
D
57) Which of the following muscles would adduct the thigh when contracted? a) gluteus medius b) tensor fasciae latae c) quadratus femoris d) pectineus e) rectus femoris
D
6) The rectus femoris of the upper leg is an example of what type of fascicle arrangement? a) fusiform b) triangular c) pennate d) bipennate e) multipennate
D
62) Where does the tibialis anterior insert onto the foot? a) by means of the calcaneal tendon b) the interosseus membrane c) the distal phalanx of the great toe d) the first metatarsal and the medial cuneiform e) the base of the fifth metatarsal
D
68) A muscle that decreases the size of an opening is a a) rotator. b) tensor. c) pronator. d) sphincter. e) depressor.
D
70) All of the following are muscles that move the eyeball EXCEPT a) superior rectus. b) lateral rectus. c) inferior oblique. d) internal oblique. e) superior oblique.
D
54) This group of back muscles have their origins on the cervical vertebra, and insert on the first or second ribs. Their action is to elevate these ribs during deep inhalation. a) iliocostalis group b) transversospinales c) spinalis group d) splenius muscles e) scalenes
E
59) Which of the following is not one of the quadriceps femoris group of muscles? 1. gracilis 2. sartorius 3. vastus medialis 4. vastus lateralis a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 3
E
Synergist
help prime movers by adding a little extra force to their movement or reducing unnecessary movements that might occur as prime mover contracts; "joint stabilizers"brachioradialis and brachialis
Anatogonjst
muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement; help regulate action of prime mover by contracting slightly to provide some resistance to prevent overshooting the mark; prime mover and antagonists are located on opposite sides of joint which they act; triceps brachii is antagonist for forearm flexion
60) Which of the following muscles is known as the "tailor's muscle" because it helps you cross your legs so that you could sit with the heel of one limb resting on the knee of the other limb (in centuries past, sitting with crossed legs was the way tailor's, makers of clothing, would sit to do their sewing). a) sartorius b) gracilis c) adductor longus d) vastus intermedius e) semitendinosus
A
63) Which muscle would be important to a ballerina's ability to plantar flex the foot (commonly called "pointing the toes")? a) soleus b) flexor hallucis longus c) tibialis posterior d) popliteus e) extensor digitorum longus
A
64) Protrusion of an organ through a structure that normally contains it is referred to as a a) hernia. b) goiter. c) strain. d) sprain. e) hydrocele.
A
11) When the term rectus appears in the name of a muscle, it indicates that a) it is a relatively small muscle b) it is a relatively large muscle c) it is circular in shape d) it is flat in shape e) the muscle fascicles run parallel to the midline of the body
E
103) The quadriceps tendon is the strongest tendon in the body.
False
107) All of the intrinsic muscles of the foot are innervated by the medial and lateral plantar nerves.
False
Fasicicykar arrangements is correlated with.....
The amount of power of a muscle can produce ●The range of motion a muscle can produce
101) The quadriceps femoris muscle (made up of a group of four muscles) is the largest muscle of the body.
True
102) The quadriceps tendon and the patellar ligament are continuous with each other—the quadriceps tendon blends into the patellar ligament.
True
104) The tibialis anterior is important for dorsiflexion of the foot.
True
86) The most important muscle that powers breathing is the diaphragm
True
Agonist
also known as agonists; a muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement; biceps brachii is prime mover for elbow flexio
Fixators
synergists that immobilize a bone or a muscle's origin so the prime mover has a stable base to act on; help maintain upright posture trapezius and rhomboids
21) Which of the following muscles that assist with mastication is not innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal (V) nerve? a) buccinator b) masseter c) temporalis d) medial pterygoid e) lateral pterygoid
A
31) The central tendon is an aponeurosis of the __________, and it fuses to the inferior portion of the pericardium (membrane covering the heart), and pleura (membrane covering each lung). a) diaphragm b) rectus abdominis c) transversus abdominis d) internal intercostals e) innermo
A
66) In muscles of the limbs, the origin of the muscle is usually distal and the insertion is proximal.
False
69) The longer the fibers in a muscle, the less range of motion it is able to produce.
False
71) In extending the arm, the role of the triceps brachii is to act as the antagonist.
False
73) The term quadriceps refers to the shape of a muscle, and indicates this muscle is shaped approximately like a square, with four corners.
False
105) The intrinsic muscles of the foot have their origins and their insertions within the foot.
True
106) The plantar aponeurosis (plantar fascia) extends from the calcaneus to the phalanges of the toes, and when inflamed is a common source of heel pain (plantar fasciitis).
True
65) The belly of the muscle that moves a joint often does not itself cover the joint.
True
Level system and leverages
a second-class lever, the weight (resistance) is located between the axis (fulcrum) and the force . The most obvious example is a wheelbarrow, where a weight is placed in the bed of the wheelbarrow between the wheel (axis) and the hands of the person using the wheelbarrow (force). In the human body, an example of a second-class lever is found in the lower leg when someone stands on tiptoes. The axis is formed by the metatarsophalangeal joints, the resistance is the weight of the body, and the force is applied to the calcaneus bone (heel) by the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles through the Wheel barrow load in front . Fulcrum on the wheels ADVANTAGE
12) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly used to name skeletal muscles? a) Size b) Shape c) Number of origins d) Sites of origins e) Thickness of fibers
E
13) Which of the following muscles is "short?" a) levator scapulae b) vastus lateralis c) adductor brevis d) tensor fasciae latae e) extensor carpi ulnaris
C
16) Ross is in a car accident, and experiences damage to the trigeminal (V) nerve. Which action will possibly be affected by this trauma? 1. lateral movement of the eye 2. blinking of the eyelids 3. chewing food 4. puckering of the lips a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) both 3 & 4 will be affected
C
19) A child who doesn't get his or her way, in addition to pouting, may also stick out (protract) the chin. Which muscle(s) allow a child to protract the chin? a) masseter and buccinator b) buccinator and digastrics c) medial and lateral pterygoid d) masseter and temporalis e) medial pterygoid and temporalis
C
2) Muscles act on bones to produce movement. The bones act as levers and the joints act as __________. a) the load b) the resistance c) the fulcrum d) the force e) the effort
C
67) If the hip is the fulcrum, and the muscles of the thigh represent the effort, and the weight of the leg provides the resistance (or load). This is a good example of a third class lever.
True
68) The only type of lever in the body that might not provide mechanical advantage is a first class lever (and these are rare).
True
70) The more fibers per cross-sectional area that a muscle has, the more power it can produce in a contraction
True
72) A compartment is a group of muscles that have a common function, blood vessels and nerves associated with that muscle group.
True
74) The muscles of facial expression insert onto the skin, so when they contract, they move skin rather than a joint.
True
75) Four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (III).
True
77) The extrinsic tongue muscles originate outside the tongue and insert within the tongue, while the intrinsic muscles of the tongue have their origins and insertions within the tongue.
True
79) The action of the suprahyoid muscles causes elevation of the hyoid bone, while the infrahyoid muscles generally cause depression of the hyoid.
True
4) Which of the following is an example of a first class lever in action? a) raising (extending) the head on the vertebral column b) raising the forearm by contracting the biceps brachii c) raising the heel of the foot off the floor to stand on the ball of the foot
A
40) Which one of the following muscles that move the scapula is innervated by the Accessory (XI) nerve? a) trapezius b) levator scapulae c) serratus anterior d) pectoralis minor e) rhomboid major and minor
A
48) Which of the following represents the correct list of superficial anterior (flexor) compartment muscles from lateral to medial? a) flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis (deep to other three muscles) b) flexor digitorum profundus, flexor policis longus c) extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris d) abductor policis longus, extensor policis brevis, extensor policis longus, extensor indicis
A
69) Contraction of this muscle presses the cheeks against the teeth and lips as would be observed in whistling, blowing or sucking. a) buccinator b) zygomaticus c) frontalis d) epicranius e) occipitalis
A
71) Which of the following is a muscle whose insertion is found on the clavicle and acromion process of the scapula within the pectoral girdle? a) trapezius b) pectoralis major c) latissimus dorsi d) gracilus e) sartorius
A
75) This muscle, which is found in the neck, functions to elevate the hyoid bone and help press the tongue against the roof of the mouth during swallowing. a) mylohyoid b) sternothryroid c) sternocleidomastoid d) digastric e) masseter
A
8) This type of fascicle arrangement has the fascicles spread over a broad area and converges at a thick central tendon. a) triangular b) pennate c) circular d) fusiform e) multipennate
A
18) Which list includes the muscles responsible for moving the eyeballs and eyelids? a) orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus minor, temporalis b) inferior oblique, superior rectus, levator palpebrae c) rectus abdominus, internal oblique, transverse abdominus d) sternocleidomastoid, digastric, mylohyoid e) splenius capitis, teres major, infraspinatus
B
20) Which of the following is the strongest muscle of mastication? a) buccinator b) masseter c) temporalis d) medial pterygoid e) lateral pterygoid
B
30) In a hiatus hernia, the stomach protrudes through which opening of the diaphragm? a) the caval opening b) the esophageal hiatus c) the mediastinum d) the aortic hiatus e) the inguinal
B
35) Which of the following may be used to treat urinary stress incontinence? a) an episiotomy b) Kegel exercises c) RICE therapy d) faciotomy e) prosthetic shoe inserts
B
37) Which of the following perineal muscles is involved with erection of the penis in males, and of the clitoris in females? a) levator ani b) bulbospongiosus c) superficial transverse perineal d) deep transverse perineal e) sphincter urethrovaginalis
B
43) Which of the following muscles would adduct the arm by acting on the humerus? a) deltoid b) pectoralis major c) supraspinatus d) infraspinatus e) teres minor
B
5) Muscle fascicles can be arranged in one of several patterns. Which of the following patterns is not an example of the arrangement of fascicles in a muscle? a) pennate b) elliptical c) fusiform d) triangular e) circular
B
52) Which intrinsic muscle of the hand allows us to move our thumb so that we can oppose (touch) the tip of the other four fingers of the hand? a) abductor policis brevis b) opponens pollicis c) flexor policis brevis d) adductor policis e) opponens digiti minimi
B
53) The __________ muscle(s) is (are) the primary extensor muscle(s) of the vertebral column. a) transversospinales b) erector spinae c) spinalis thoracis d) scalene group e) rotators
B
58) This muscle group makes up the posterior compartment (a group of muscles, nerves and blood vessels with a similar purpose)of the thigh, and is innervated by branches of the sciatic nerve). This group is also a powerful extensor of the thigh. a) quadriceps femoris b) hamstrings c) adductors magnus, longus and brevis d) obturator externus, and superior and inferior gemellus e) iliopsoas muscle
B
39) Which of the following muscles act to stabilize the scapula, and would also, when contracted, pull the shoulders back (like a soldier at attention)? 1. trapezius 2. levator scapulae 3. rhomboid major and minor a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1& 2 e) 2 & 4
C
63) If one is stabbed on the lateral side of the abdomen, what abdominal muscles, in order from superficial to deep, will the knife go through? a) rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique b) external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis c) transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, external oblique d) external oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis e) internal oblique, transversus abdominis, external oblique
B
64) Which of the following muscles would be needed to flex (curl) the toes? a) extensor digitorum brevis and abductor hallucis b) flexor digitorum brevis and abductor digiti minimi c) lumbricals and abductor hallucis d) plantar interossei and flexor digitorum brevis e) extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis
B
65) A condition where the two eyeballs are not properly aligned is referred to as a) inguinal hernia. b) strabismus. c) presbyopia. d) myopia. e) hypermetropia.
B
66) A muscle that has three origins is called a a) biceps. b) triceps. c) quadriceps. d) deltoid. e) trapezius.
B
67) A muscle that raises or elevates a body part is called a a) pronator. b) tensor. c) flexor. d) depressor. e) levator.
B
46) Which of the following pairs of muscles inserts onto the olecranon of the ulna? a) brachialis and anconeus b) triceps brachii and pronator teres c) triceps brachii and anconeus d) biceps brachii and brachialis e) pronator teres and pronator quadratus
C
49) This muscle is a prime mover (agonist) in extending the fingers. a) extensor carpi radialis longus b) extensor carpi radialis brevis c) extensor digitorum d) extensor digiti minimi e) extensor carpi ulnaris
C
51) Carpal tunnel syndrome involves compression of what nerve as it passes through the narrow passageway formed anteriorly by the flexor retinaculum and posteriorly by the carpal bones? a) ulnar nerve b) radial nerve c) median nerve d) deep radial nerve e) axillary nerve
C
56) Which of the following statements is not true about the gluteus maximus? a) it can act to extend the torso, which is an example of reverse muscle action (RMA) b) in RMA, the insertion of this muscle is on the pelvic girdle rather than on the femur c) extension of the torso occurs when one is bowing, as an actor after a performance d) it is the largest of the gluteal muscles e) is the prime mover for extension of the femur
C
61) If you wished to evert the foot (turn the sole of the foot outward or laterally), which muscle below would you need to contract? a) tibialis anterior b) extensor digitorum longus c) fibularis longus d) gastrocnemius e) soleus
C
10) This type of muscle works by stabilizing the origin of the agonist so that it can act more efficiently. a) synergist b) agonist c) antagonist d) fixator e) secondary mover
D
10) Which term best applies to a muscle that acts to move a bone away from the midline of the body? a) oblique b) synergist c) flexor d) abductor e) adductor
D
17) Which of the following extrinsic eye muscles would make it possible for you to look upward (elevation of the eyeball)? 1. superior rectus 2. inferior rectus 3. inferior oblique a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 3 e) 2 and 3
D
25) Exercise can produce a fashionable "six pack" of toned muscles. Which of the following muscles is involved in giving the appearance of this defined pack of muscles? a) external oblique b) internal oblique c) transversus abdominis d) rectus abdominis e) serratus anterio
D
27) Which of the following muscles have an insertion on the xiphoid process? 1. rectus abdominis 2. internal and external obliques 3. transversus abdominis a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 3 e) 2 and 3
D
28) Which of these abdominal muscles does not flex or rotate the vertebral column? a) rectus abdominis b) internal oblique c) external oblique d) transversus abdominis e) quadratus lumbo
D
3) A lever is acted on at two different points by two different forces which are called the a) fulcrum and resistance. b) leverage and load. c) lever and resistance. d) effort and load. e) lever and effort.
D
33) Which of the following muscles is (are) not a component of the pelvic diaphragm? a) levator ani b) pubococcygeus c) iliococcygeus d) bulbospongiosus e) ischiococcygeus
D
41) Which of the following muscles abducts the arm and also has an origin on the clavicle? a) pectoralis major b) subclavius c) pectoralis minor d) deltoid e) subscapularis
D
45) Which of the following pairs of muscles are agonist-antagonists (that is, one flexes and the other extends) the forearm? a) biceps brachii and brachioradialis b) brachialis and brachioradialis c) triceps brachii and anconeus d) biceps brachii and triceps brachii e) anconeus and supinator
D
47) To turn a doorknob to the right, which muscle(s) of the forearm would you use? a) anconeus b) brachioradialis c) pronator teres d) supinator e) pronator quadratus
D
8) __________ is a muscle that stabilizes the proximal end of a limb, while other muscles produce movement at the distal end of the same limb. a) prime mover (agonist) b) antagonist c) synergist d) fixator e) flexor
D
14) Which list includes muscles that are responsible for facial expressions? a) deltoid, pectoralis major, serratus anterior b) rectus abdominis, internal oblique, transversus abdominis c) serratus anterior, external intercostals, internal intercostals d) levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, subscapularis e) zygomaticus major, risorius, platysma
E
15) Following a serious ear infection, Rosa develops paralysis on one side of her face. Her mouth and eyelids droop on that side. She can't raise her eyebrow or pucker her lips on the affected side either. Which of the following statements are correct about Rosa's condition? 1. she has a condition known as Bell's Palsy 2. her trochlear nerve (IV) is affected 3. her trigeminal nerve (V) is affected 4. her facial nerve (VII) is affected a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 4
E
22) The extrinsic muscles of the tongue have their origins on which of the following bones of the skull? 1. hyoid 2. maxilla 3. temporal 4. mandible a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1, 3 and 4
E
24) Which of the following statements is correct about the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles? a) acting together, the SCM muscles flex the head at the cervical portion of the vertebral column b) acting individually, an SCM muscle turns the head (flexes and rotates) c) it is innervated by both the accessory (XI) nerve, C2, and C3 d) it originates on the manubrium of the sternum, and the medial third of the clavicle e) all of these are correct statements
E
26) The linea alba is made up of what structures? 1. the aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis 2. the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis 3. the aponeurosis of the internal and external obliques a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 & 3 e) 2 & 3
E
29) Which of the following muscles act(s) to increase the size of the thoracic cavity during inhalation? 1. diaphragm 2. external intercostals 3. internal intercostals a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 & 3 e) 1 and 2
E
36) Which of the following perineal muscle(s) is (are) not innervated by the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve of the sacral plexus? 1. external urethral sphincter 2. deep transverse perineal muscle 3. external anal sphincter a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 & 3 e) 1 and 3
E
50) The thenar eminence is a raised and rounded area on the palm of the hand that is associated with what digit? a) the index finger (finger 2) b) the middle finger (finger 3) c) the ring finger (finger 4) d) the little finger (finger 5) e) the thumb
E
76) The muscle that elevates the eyelid (opens the eye), unlike most of the extrinsic muscles of the eye, is innervated by the abducens (VI) nerve.
False
78) The extrinsic muscles of the tongue insert on the lateral and superior portions of the tongue.
False
82) The sternocleidomastoid muscles serves as important landmarks (both anatomically and surgically) that divide the neck into anterior and posterior triangles. The anterior triangle is bordered inferiorly by the clavicle, and laterally by the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, and by the anterior border of the trapezius muscle.
False
83) The muscle of the posterior abdominal wall play an important role in forced exhalation, providing muscular force for urination and defecation, and in helping to expel the infant during childbirth.
False
85) The diaphragm, a muscle involved with breathing, is innervated by the phrenic nerve, a major nerve of the thoracic spinal nerves.
False
87) The only muscles that are ever used in breathing are the diaphragm, and the external intercostals muscles.
False
89) The muscles of the perineum are superior to the muscles of the pelvic floor.
False
91) The trapezius and deltoid muscles are both innervated by the axillary nerve.
False
92) Impingement syndrome, a common stress-related injury in sports such as tennis or baseball, is caused by compression of the tendon of the infraspinatus.
False
94) A compartment is a group of muscles, associated fascia, nerves, and blood vessels, which perform a related function. The arm has both an anterior (flexor) compartment, and a posterior (extensor) compartment. Based upon innervations, the biceps brachii, brachialis and brachioradialis would all be members of the anterior compartment.
False
97) All of the muscles of the superficial posterior (extensor) compartment have at least one of their origins on the interosseus membrane between the radius and ulna.
False
98) The intrinsic muscles of the hand all have their origins on the distal ends of either the radius or ulna, and their insertions on the metacarpals or phalanges of the hand.
False
99) Most of the muscles that move the upper leg (thigh) originate on the femur and insert on the pelvic girdle.
False
Level system and leverages
In a third-class lever, the most common in the human body, force is applied between the resistance (weight) and the axis (fulcrum) . Picture someone using a shovel to pick up an object. The axis is the end of the handle where the person grips with one hand. The other hand, placed somewhere along the shaft of the handle, applies force. At the other end of the shovel (the bed), a resistance (weight) is present. There are numerous third-class levers in the human body; one example can be illustrated in the elbow joint . The joint is the axis (fulcrum). The resistance (weight) is the forearm, wrist, and hand. The force is the biceps muscle when the elbow is flexed. Tweezers . Load in the opening Fulcrum in the end DISADVANTAGE
80) The suprahyoid muscles are involved with swallowing (deglutition), while the infrahyoid muscles return the hyoid to its pre-swallowing position, and also act on the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) of the larynx in the production of speech.
True
81) The mastoid process of the temporal bone is an important insertion point for muscles of the neck that move the head.
True
84) When the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall become weakened and stretched, the result is a "pot belly."
True
88) The pelvic diaphragm is penetrated by the anal canal and the urethra in both sexes, and by the vagina in females.
True
90) It would not be possible to raise the arm above the head if the scapula could not be elevated to move with the humerus.
True
93) Damage to the radial nerve could result in difficulties with both flexing and extending the lower arm.
True
95) Most of the muscles of both the superficial and deep anterior (flexor) compartments of the forearm are innervated by the median nerve.
True
96) All of the muscles of both the superficial and deep posterior (extensor) compartments of the forearm are innervated by the radial nerve or branches of the radial nerve.
True
99) Most of the muscles that move the upper leg (thigh) originate on the femur and insert on the pelvic girdle.
True
Level system and leverages
first-class lever has the axis (fulcrum) located between the weight (resistance) and the force . An example of a first-class lever is a pair of pliers or scissors. First-class levers in the human body are rare. One example is the joint between the head and the first vertebra (the atlantooccipital joint) . The weight (resistance) is the head, the axis is the joint, and the muscular action (force) come from any of the posterior muscles attaching to the skull, such as the trapezius. Scissors load in the opening and fulcrum in the handles BOTH ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE