Chapter 11

A compelling reason underlying South Carolina's argument for nullification in 1828 was that a. a northern-dominated federal government might decide to end slavery, which would threaten the very foundation of the South's economic system b. Congress authorized a special tax on slaves, which South Carolinians viewed as discriminatory c. congress was debating a peacetime conscription law that would have drafted slaves into the the military to fight in foreign wars. d. South Carolinians wanted to keep the income from higher tariffs for themselves

a

After 1828, political leaders considered the development of political parties to be a. an effective way to encourage voter loyalty that transcended specific candidates and elections. b. too undignified because of the frequent use of barbecues in campaigns. c. an effective way to win elections through the process of corrupt bargaining and other manipulations of the electoral system d. inimical to disinterested and virutous political behaivor

a

Andrew Jackson set an important political precedent when he selected his cabinet by a. Excluding members of political factions that were not loyal to him b. Including politicians and leaders who were more representative of the common people c. Choosing a bipartisan cabinet with members of both political parties d. Appointing cabinet members on the basis of their own specialized expertise rather than on their political qualifications

a

Angelina Grimké, Sarah Grimké, and Maria Stewart, women lecturers who conveyed a powerful anti-slavery message, encountered hostility in the north because a. they affronted a right cultural norm by speaking in public and presuming to instruct men. b. while enthusiastic, they were poor speakers c. no one was receptive to the substance of their antislavery orations d. they insisted on being paid the same as men speaking on the same circuit

a

As a result of his lopsided win in the election of 1832, Andrew Jackson tried to a. destroy the Bank of the United States before his charter expired, a process he began by removing federal deposits from the Bank and depositing them in Democratic-leaning banks throughout the country. b. DepositEven more federal receipts into the bank of the United States c. Destroy the Bank of the United States by obtaining a special congressional authorization to close it doors immediately d. Remove Nicholas Biddle as president of the Bank of the United States once and for all

a

Between 1828 and 1836, the second American party system took shape; it a. was, by 1836, a fully functioning, national, two-party system b. was chiefly sectional in nature: Whigs tended to be Northerners and Democrats tended to be Southerners c. featured a revival of the federalists, who challenged Jeffersonian Republicans d. offered little more than new political labels pasted over old political organizations with the same philosophies and beliefs.

a

Black Hawk's resistance to removal from Illinois lead to a. His capture and the massacre of some 400 of his people b. The establishment of a 5000-acre Illinois reservation for the Fox and Saux c. The defeat of the American volunteer militia d. A reversal of US Indian policy

a

Canals were an important innovation in the early nineteenth century because a. they allowed cheaper transport by virtue of greatly increased loads b. they were primarily privately funded and thus were not dependent upon government support c. by using animal power, they reduced the pollution that was generated by steamboats and railroads d. they provided speedier transport of merchandise than has been previously possible

a

Funding for transportation improvements in America between 1815 and 1840 came mostly from a. private and state funding b. state governments c. the federal government d. private investment

a

Henry Clay wanted to force the issue of the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States before the presidential election of 1832 because he hoped to a. force Andrew Jackson into an unpopular veto on the issue in order to secure support for Clay as president. b. get the bank rechartered as quickly as possible to continue it stabilizing benefits to the nation c. help President Jackson defeat the bank bill d. oust Nicholas Biddle from the presidency of the bank

a

High rates of voter participation continued into the 1840s and 1850s because a. politics remained the arena in which different choices about economic development and social change were contested b. so many elections were contested that recounts became a forgone conclusion in some political contests c. numerous states allowed some women to vote d. literacy rates continued to rise at a rapid rate

a

In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison launched a. the Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper advocating an immediate end to slavery b. the Boston Emancipator, an abolitionist newspaper that advocated negotiating with slaveholders to arrange a gradual, compensated end to slavery c. the Atlantic Monthly, a magazine dedicated to freeing slaves and relocating them in the North d. his Appeal... to the Coloured Citizens of the World, a periodical advocating that the U.S. government pay each blank American $100,000 and arrange for passage to Liberia.

a

Steamboats had a detrimental effect on the environment because they a. led to deforestation and air pollution b. killed various species of fish, disrupting the ecosystem c. frequently spilled coal and other toxic substances into the water d. depleted the ozone layer

a

The first railroad Lines in the United States were a. Generally short and not yet an efficient distribution system for goods b. A nationwide system that provided an efficient distribution system for goods c. Funded completely by the government d. the death knoll for canal transport of frieght

a

The most Horrifying Hazard faced by people traveling on steamboats in the early 19 century was a. Being injured or killed by frequent boiler explosions b. Long delays because of inefficient routing and scheduling c. The constant threat of Indian attacks from the shore d. Running aground in shallow, poorly charted rivers

a

The nationally circulated Advocate of Moral Reform was a a. newspaper published by women that took men to task for sexual sin of frequenting prostitutes and perpetuating prostitution b. newsletter published by a consortium of powerful evangelical ministers c. magazine published by women that condemned prostitutes for possessing low moral character. d. best-selling novel satirizing Americans' preoccupation with fixing their broken society

a

The spread of public schools in the 1820s and 1830s made education more accessible to students and affected teaching by a. initiating a shift toward hiring women as cheap instructors b. requiring that all reachers possess college degrees c. elevating the status of teachers as professionals d. raising the pay of most teachers

a

A positive effect of the economic turmoil of Jackson's second administration was that, from 1835 to 1837, for the first and only time in U.S. history, a. the unemployment rate was only 5 percent b. the government had a surplus of money c. the number of women in the workforce equaled the number of men d. much of the money to finance railroads and canals came from private investors

b

A typical pattern for boys not remaining on the farm in the 1820s and 1830s was to a. enter the military b. leave school at the age of fourteen and become either an apprentice in a trade or an entry-level clerk c. enter the ministry d. attend college in preparation for a career in a profession

b

Alcohol consumption in America in the decades up to 1830 was a. characterized by moderate drinking b. widespread, rising, and often tended toward abusive amounts. c. confined to persons over age eighteen d. very low due to the increased safety of urban drinking water sources

b

Because of their distrust of the economic elite, Andrew Jackson and many of his followers wanted to a. end the widespread protection of individual liberties and economic opportunities b. end government support for business, thereby encouraging individual liberties and economic opportunities c. impose higher income taxes on the rich d. implement a broad range of several problems

b

In support of the doctrine of nullification, South Carolina's leader pointed to a. the Force Bill of 1825 b. the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. c. the Georgia Resolution of 1830. d. The Missouri Compromise of 1820.

b

Lawyers of the 1820s and 1830s created the legal foundation for an economy that gave priority to a. Farmers b. Ambitious individuals interested in maximizing their own wealth c. The working class d. Employers who took an interest in the safety of their workers

b

The doctrine of nullification outlined by John C. Calhoun in response to the Tariff of Abominations argued that a. the federal government government was supreme in the land and, if need be, could invalidate inappropriate statuses enacted by state legislatures b. the Union was a voluntary confederation of states that had yielded only some of their power to the federal government, and when Congress overstepped its powers, states had the right to nullify c. if a state believed it had been harmed by an action of Congress, the supreme court had the authority to settle the dispute d. states had the constitutional right to declare null and void any tariff passed by the federal government that raised duties above 35 percent

b

Van Buren pushed for an independent treasury system, funded by government deposits, which would a. encourage speculation b. deal only in hard money c. be involved directly in the credit market d. grant loans to private enterprises

b

A hallmark of the Jacksonian era was a. the desire for federal government to solve all of the nation's problems b. the belief that equality for all, as set forth in the Declaration of Independence, would finally be realized. c. a faith that people and societies can shape their own destinies. d. a country finally united under a single political party.

c

After 1815, the idea of separate spheres and separate duties for men and women was strengthened by the fact that a. Most men work at home, either in farming and cottage industries, and separation of men from women was necessary to avoid discord and distraction b. An experiment in which males and females attended the same colleges and went to similar jobs proved unsuccessful c. Men's work was newly disconnected from the home and increasingly brought cash to the household d.Most women went to work in the newly established mills and factories

c

As president, Andrew Jackson favored a. a bipartisan cabinet that could advise him without regard to political interests. b. an unprecedented reach of the government into the lives of ordinary citizens and the economic development of America c. a limited federal government and the establishment of a federal Indian policy to remove the Indians d. big government and expanded opportunities for Americans regardless of race, creed, or sex

c

By 1845, the American Temperance Union and other temperance advocates a. had convinced twelve states to ban entirely the sale or manufacture of alcoholic beverages b. were demanding that their adherents consume only sacrificial wine. c. had succeeded in decreasing alcohol consumption in the United States. d. had backed down and were demanding that their adherents abstain from alcohol only on Sunday.

c

In large measure, the panic of 1819 occurred as a result of a. Exceedingly inept management of all the facet of the US economy b. The slackening of consumer demand for numerous goods c. a Contraction of the money supply and plummeting prices of commodities d. Basic pessimism concerning US economic prospects

c

In the 1820s and 1830s, shoebinding, an important component of shoe manufacturing, was a. usually undertaken by boys who lived and worked on the site of the shoe factory b. highly skilled work performed by men c. comparatively low-paying work performed by women at home d. the most highly unionized segment of the early-nineteenth-century factory system

c

Newspapers became crucial to the party politics in Jacksonian America because a. They remain the only source of information about matters of political concerns b. The press during this period was known for its unbiased coverage of political issues c. Many newspapers were under the control of a particular political party and actively pushed that party's agenda d. They published numerous political cartoons that helped Illiterate Americans decide on which candidate they wanted to bet

c

One of the key elements in the political landscape of Jacksonian America was the upsurge of universal white male suffrage a. In spite of the increased property qualifications for voters in most states b. as poll taxes were often paid by members of political parties in return for votes. c. as most states abolished property qualifications for voting. d. though voting became more difficult because many states levied poll taxes

c

One of the precipitating causes of the panic of 1837 was a. The Jackson administration's anti-bank policies b. the stipulation that government land could be purchased only with hard money c. that the Bank of England began call for loans to be repaid only with hard money d. that American bankers began call for loans to be repaid only with banknotes

c

The leading exemplar to the Second Great Awakening, Charles Grandison Finney, insisted that a. "Alcohol is the devil's work" b. the legal system taking hold in the United States was the work of Satan and that only the business class was benefiting from societal changes. c. Americans "vote in the Lord Jesus Christ as the governor of the universe" d. women had too much influence in the church already, and any more would rock its very foundations

c

The market revolution experienced by Americans after the war of 1812 a. Was hardly revolutionary, as Many northerners refused to do business with Southern slave masters whom they regarded as immoral b. Was seen to have a limited impact on most Americans, who are relatively poor and not much affected by the economic growth c. Brought a increasing numbers of people out the old patterns of ruled self-sufficiency into the wider realm of national market relations d. Gave rise to a huge factory system that pulled millions from the cities to labor in the countryside

c

An important transition in American politics took place during the Jacksonian era as a. it became customary for Southern politicians to challenge their opponents to duels to defend their honor in especially close elections b. the fight over the Bank of the United States encouraged increased campaign contributions from commercial and urban elites. c. constitutional amendments gave more power to the presidency d. different campaigning tactics and increasingly democratic rhetoric made it necessary for candidates to appeal to common people

d

Employees early textile mills in New England were a. Mostly immigrant families escaping from the factory system in Europe b. Mainly young women seeking careers in America's expanding economy c. Mainly young men seeking careers in America's expanding economy d. Mainly young women who left rural farms and flocked to factory towns in the hope of gaining more autonomy

d

For workers in early Massachusetts factories, wages were a. high because workers were hard to obtain b. high because collective action by labor unions protected workers and guaranteed their rights. c. low because workers were considered no better than slaves d. low because workers were easily replaced.

d

From 1800 to 1820, church membership in the United States a. became culturally irrelevant b. grew predominately in Catholic churches c. declined d. doubled

d

In 1830, President Jackson convinced Congress to pass legislation that a. Forced Native Americans to assimilate to white cultural practices b. Established a network of reservations that confined and supervised native American groups still existing in significant numbers east of the Mississippi c. Declared war on resistant native American groups such as the Blackhawks and Seminoles d. Forced Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi and open up about 100 million acres of land for white settlers

d

In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court ruled that the a. Removal Act of 1830 was unconstitutional b. Cherokees in Georgia existed as "a distinct ethnic minority over which only local government has jurisdiction." c. Cherokees could not utilize the U.S. court system to sue anyone. d. Cherokees in Georgia existed as "a distinct community, occupying its own territory, in which the laws of Georgia can have no force."

d

In advice to American women, Mrs. A.J. Graves represented the new ideas about gender relations in Jacksonian America in her support for the concept of a. Women courting men in a more aggressive fashion so as to secure the most desirable husband b. Limiting the size of American families c. Raising the legal age of marriage for men and women d. Separate spheres for men and women, based on the middle class notion that women have a unique contribution to make in the home as more men ventured into the competitive world of market relations

d

In the economy of Jacksonian America, bankers a. Stimulated the economy by granting loans to merchants and manufacturers b. Had great power in deciding who would get loans and what the discount rates would be c. Issue banknotes, which effectively became the currency of the country d. All of the above

d

In the presidential election of 1836, three Whig candidates ran against Democrat Martin Van Buren a. to show Van Buren he needed to be a more lenient president than Andrew Jackson had been b. To get Van Buren to step down and allow a more suitable candidate to run in his place c. in an attempt to elect a New Englander to the presidency d. because each candidate had a solid popular regional base but none had the support of all regions

d

One of the most radical reform movements of the 1830s was the a. effort to reform prisons and insane asylums b. temperance movement c. southern version of the Second Great Awakening d. effort to abolish slavery

d

Relatively few white northerners got involved in the campaign to eradicate slavery because a. They had no idea how bad the institution of slavery really was b. Abolition societies charged exorbitant membership fees c. they simply could not spare the time d. even though they may have viewed slavery as counterproductive, or immoral, they tended to be racists

d

The Second Great Awakening a. was the spiritual component accompanying the second party system b. constituted a second wave in a temperance movement that had failed in its first attempt c. was a philosophical offshoot of the market revolution emphasizing the pitfalls of a society run by bankers and lawyers d. brought forth an outpouring of evangelical religious fervor that offered salvation to the less than perfect

d

The election of 1828 differed from earlier elections in its emphasis on issues related to scandal and character partly because a. it was revealed that Andrew Jackson had fathered a child with one of his slaves b. John Quincy Adams accused Andrew Jackson of lying to the voters and rejecting family values c. Jackson's wife, Rachel, refused to stay within her separate sphere d. John Quincy Adams was associated with the "corrupt bargain" of 1824

d

The infamous Trail of Tears was a. the cherokee trip home from Washington after meeting President Jackson in a vain attempt to keep some of their land b. a Cherokee ritual mourning the loss of hundreds of their people in a brutal, unprovoked massacre. c. the route taken by Cherokee warriors when they retreated after their defeat by the U.S. army d. a 1,200 mile forced march by Cherokees who were expelled from their land

d