Chapter 11: Physical & Chemical Control of Microbes

True

True or False: Weak tinctures of heavy metals may be used as antiseptics in intact skin

True

True or false: Halogens are microbicidal and can be sporicidal with longer exposure times

Critical

Blood pressure cuff is

Noncritical

Dental mirror is

False

True or False: There are several degrees of sterility, based on the destruction of endospores

Higher

___ concentrations of alcohol may not have the greatest microbicidal activity, for water is needed for microbial proteins to coagulate

Degermation of skin Disinfection of medical equipment

Alcohols are commonly used for Disinfection of food preparation Degermation of skin Disinfection of drinking water Disinfection of medical equipment Household cleaning

Spores

Alcohols are not effective against naked viruses and bacterial

chemiclave

An ethylene oxide (ETO) is called a(n) ___

Skin wound care Antisepsis of skin

Chlorhexidine solutions are commonly used for Disinfection of drinking water Household cleaning Disinfection of medical equitment Disinfection of food preparation equipment Skin wound care Antisepsis of skin

Bactericidal

Chlorohexidine is reliably

moist; dry

In terms of using heat as an agent of microbial control, ___ heat methods operate at lower temperature and shorter exposure time versus ___ heat methods

Heavy metals

The property of having antimicrobial effects in exceedingly small amounts belongs to which class of chemicals

sporicide

A ___ is an agent that can destroy bacterial endospores

Sterilization

A process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat is referred to as

iodophor

A(n) ___ is a combination of iodine and an organic carrier (such as alcohol) that serves as a moderate-level disinfectant and antiseptic

Dehydrating cells

Absolute alcohol (100% concentration) inhibits microbial growth by

metals

Although heavy ___ exert potent antimicrobial effects, their risk to human health through toxicity, allergic reactions, and resistance has limited their use in medicine

Fungicide

An agent that kills fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts is called

aqueous; tinctures

Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called ___ solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called

chemical

Antiseptics are ___ agents applied to the skin to inhibit vegetative bacterial cells

Bacteristatic

Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth is referred to as

Microbistatic

Any process or agent that inhibits growth is refereed to as

Swimming pool treatments Food equipment sanitation Household cleaning Wound treatment and skin cleansing

As the most extensively used chlorine compounds, hypochlorites re used for: Swimming pool treatments Sewage and waste water disinfection Food equipment sanitation Household cleaning Wound treatment and skin cleansing

kill

Bactericides ___ bacteria

Disrupting the cell membrane

Cationic detergents typically work by

Enzymes

Chlorine compounds usually kill microbes by denaturing

Disrupting protein function

Chlorine dioxide typically kills microbes by

Materials that can be damaged by heat

Chose the condition under which glutaraldehyde is a good choice for sterilizing materials

human; animal

Disinfectants are normally used only on inanimate objects because they can be toxic or harmful to ___ and ___ tissues

Selective and differential media Staining techniques Chemotherapeutic drugs

Dyes are important for Selective and differential media Identifying contaminated surfaces Staining techniques Genotypic testing Chemotherapeutic drugs

Hydrogen peroxide Peracetic alcohol

Endoscopy equipment becomes highly contaminated with human tissues and fluids, and should be sterilized in low-temperature cabinet using which sterilants Iodine Hydrogen peroxide Chlorine bleach Ethanol Peracetic acid

Blocking DNA replication Disrupting enzyme function

Ethylene oxide typically kills microbes by Blocking DNA replication Producing toxic radicals Inhibiting RNA synthesis Disrupting enzyme function Causing mutations in DNA Disrupting the cell wall

Chlorine

Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and ___ dioxide are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants

Alerting proteins Attaching to nucleic acids

Formaldehyde typically kills microbes by Disrupting the cell membrane Alerting proteins Inhibiting RNA synthesis Attaching to nucleic acids

formaldehyde

Formalin is an aqueous solution of ___ gas that is used as a potent chemical fixative and microbicide

Chlorine

Gaseous and liquid ___ compounds are mostly used for large-scale water disinfection

high

Glutaraldehyde is one of the few chemicals that is officially accepted as a nutrient and ___-level disinfectant

Altering amino acids Disrupting enzyme function

Glutaraldehyde typically kills microbes by Producing toxic radicals Inhibiting RNA synthesis Altering amino acids Disrupting enzyme function

Microbicidal

Heavy metals are reliably

Inactivating Proteins

Heavy metals typically kill microbes by

endospores

High-level germicides can kill ___, whereas intermediate-level germicides can kill fungal spores and resistant pathogens but not endospores

Added to products Clinical disenfection Household disenfection

How are phenolics used in microbial control Added to products Clinical disenfection Household disenfection Routine skin antisepsis

Lysis

If an agent disrupts the cell wall, the cell is likely to experience death by

Treatment of skin wounds Disinfection of medical equipment Emergency disenfection of drinking water Antisepsis of skin

Iodine compounds are commonly used for : Treatment of skin wounds Household cleaning Disinfection of food preparation equipment Disinfection of medical equipment Emergency disenfection of drinking water Antisepsis of skin

Denaturing proteins

Iodine compounds typically kill microbes by

Denaturing proteins Causing mutations in DNA

Lower concentrations of alcohols (50% and higher) usually affect microbes by Denaturing proteins Causing mutations in DNA Disrupting the cell membrane Inhibiting RNA synthesis Inhibiting protein syntheis Disrupting the cell wall

Phenolics

Microbial control agents with the chemical structures illustrated here fall into the category of Heavy metals Acids Phenolics Halogens Detergents

Triclosan

One of the most widely used phenolics used today is

Microbicidal

Phenolics are:

Silver

Pure forms of this metal are currently incorporated into catheter to prevent urinary bladder infections in the hospital

low

Quaternary ammonium compounds are considered to be ___ -level disinfectants

triclosan

Scientists have demonstrated ___ resistance found in organisms, such as E. coli, leads to antibiotic resistance by these organisms

Microbes develop resistance to these metals They can be very toxic to human cells as well as microbial cells

Select which of the following are drawbacks to the use of metals in antimicrobial control methods Microbes develop resistance to these metals They can be very toxic to human cells as well as microbial cells They are not associated with allergic reactions They are still very active in the presence of biological fluids and wastes

Bleach

Sodium hypochloride is also known as

Semicritical

Syringe needle is

phenol; coefficient

The ___ ___ quantitatively compares the effectiveness of a chemical disinfectant to that of phenol

Halogens

The ___ are a group of nonmetallic elements with antimicrobial applications including bromine, iodine, chlorine, and fluorine

Denaturation

The disruption of proteins from their native state is known as

Concentration of germicide Chemical action of a germicide Nature of a microbial population Material being treated Time of exposure to germicide Contamination with organic matter

The effect of a germicide is affected by which of the following factors Concentration of germicide pH of environment Chemical action of a germicide Nature of a microbial population Material being treated Time of exposure to germicide Contamination with organic matter Toxicity to human and animal tissues

Protein function The cell wall The cell membrane Nucleic acid synthesis

The four general cellular targets of antimicrobial agents are: Protein function The cell wall Capsules The cell membrane DNA contained within plasmids Nucleic acid synthesis Extracellular appendages

Oligodynamic

The property of having antimicrobial effects in exceedingly small amounts is called a(n) ___ action

cide

The root- ___ is used to indicate the killing of microorganisms

iodophors

The two primary iodine preparations are free iodine and

Propylene oxide

This gas is safer to use than ethylene oxide to sterilize food products, such as starches, spices, and nuts

False

True or False hydrogen peroxide is used for disenfection of drinking water

False

True or False: 10% alcohol solutions have greater microbicidal activity than 70% solutions

False

True or False: A bactericidal agent will inhibit the growth of bacteria, whereas a bacteristatic agent will kill bacteria

False

True or False: Acids and alkalis are commonly used for drinking water disinfection

False

True or False: Acids or alkalis are limited in their application because they have limited reliability

False

True or False: Alcohol solutions have greater microbicidal activity than 70% solutions

True

True or False: Aldehydes are organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon

True

True or False: An agent effect on cells is known as its mode of action

True

True or False: Biological matter such as serum, blood or urine lowers the effectiveness of a germicide

True

True or False: Chlorhexidine solutions are commonly used for skin antisepsis and wound care

True

True or False: Chlorohexidine typically kills microbes by disrupting the cell membrane or denaturing proteins

True

True or False: Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde are two of the most frequently used aldehydes

False

True or False: Heavy metals are microbistatic

False

True or False: Only a few microorganisms are killed by iodine if proper concentrations and exposure times are used

False

True or False: Phenolics typically kill microbes by inhibiting protein synthesis

True

True or False: Quats are rated for only low-level disenfection in the clinical setting

True

True or False: Silver and mercury are still used in germicidal preparations

True

True or False: Soaps are commonly used for sanitation of the home

True

True or False: The lower temperature that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth culture upon a 10-minute exposure is referred to as the thermal death point

True

True or False: The necessity of sterilization or disinfection should be considered when initially choosing a method of microbial control

True

True or False: The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause in infection or spoilage

True

True or False: Tinctures and ointments are two types of heavy metal germicides

True

True or False:Antimicrobial solutions wit alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called tinctures

Inactivate

Virucides ___ viruses

200; 1

When a phenolic disinfectant needs to be diluted 1:200, you should mix __ part(s) of water with ___part(s) of the concentrated disinfectant

Oxidizers Halogens Phenolics Aldehydes Alcohols Metals

Which of the following are examples of chemical agents used to control microbes Oxidizers Halogens Phenolics Nitrates Aldehydes Inert gases Alcohols Metals

Is it cost and labor-efficient? Is it safe? Is sterilization needed? Is the item reusable or disposable? Will it penetrate effectively? Can it withstand physical or chemical treatments?

Which of the following should be considered when initially choosing a method of microbial control? 1. is it cost and labor-efficient? 2. what is the temperature and pH of environment? 3. Is it safe? 4. Are the cells in the culture old or new? 5. Is sterilization needed? 6. Is the item reusable or disposable? 7. will it penetrate effectively? 8. can it withstand physical or chemical treatments?

Soaps can destroy few common hospital pathogens Soaps have great germicidal value when mixed with iodine

Which of the following statements about soaps are correct Soaps can destroy few common hospital pathogens Soaps help to chemically neutralize bacterial contamination Soaps have great germicidal value when mixed with iodine Soaps are strongly microbicidal

OPA does not destroy endospores OPA is effective against viruses

Which of the following statements are NOT correct regarding OPA OPA does not destroy endospores OPA is a detergent OPA is effective against viruses OPA can be irritating to eyes and nasal passages

Ultraviolet rays

Which of the following types is/are types of nonionizing radiation Gamma rays Cathode rays X-rays Ultraviolet rays

Smooth object

Which of the following types of materials can be more reliably disinfected with a germicide

Sterilize respiratory therapy equipment Eliminate hepatitis B viruses on dental equipment Preserve vaccines

Which three of the following are common uses for glutaraldehyde Disinfect skin prior to injecting vaccines Prevent infection in burn patients Retard the growth of molds in bread Sterilize respiratory therapy equipment Eliminate hepatitis B viruses on dental equipment Preserve vaccines

Ethyl Isopropyl

Which two alcohols are effective in microbial control Ethyl Methyl Isopropyl Butyl

Hydrogen peroxide

___ ___ typically kills microbes by producing toxic free radicals

Antiseptics

___ are chemical agents applied directly to body surfaces to inhibit vegetative pathogens

Cationic; anionic

___ detergents are more effective than ___ detergents

Sanitization

___ is a decontamination technique that mechanical removes microorganisms and debris from inanimate objects such as utensils to reduce contamination to safe levels

Soap

___ is an alkaline compound made by combining the fatty acids in oils with sodium or potassium salts

Ethylene

___ oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic

broad

___ spectrum action is a desirable characteristic of a germicide