Chapter 11: Review (Psychology)

In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the ________ or the demands of the ________.

"learner"; experimenter

Which of the following statements is true regarding stereotypes?

Sometimes stereotypes reflect reality.

Conformity is best described as

adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard.

Andrew is currently in the Army and intentionally killed a dangerous enemy combatant. His action most clearly illustrates

aggression

The robber who attacks you and steals your money most clearly illustrates

aggression.

Discrimination is best described as

an unfair negative behavior toward a group of people and its members.

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that

animals can be bred for aggressiveness.

Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that can influence how we respond to objects, people, and events are called

attitudes

People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more

attractive

The reciprocity norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who

have helped them.

The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common

identity

Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort we feel when our thoughts and behaviors are

inconsistent

Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to

informational social influence.

The tendency to favor "us" over "them" is called

ingroup bias.

We tend to ________ those we like, and to ________ those who mimic us.

mimic; like

The chameleon effect involves

natural mimicry.

Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to

normative social influence.

As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is most likely to be facilitated by

oxytocin

Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite of what is socially expected. This best illustrates

personal control.

Our first impressions of those we meet are most likely to be determined by their

physical appearance.

If you were a participant in Milgram's original obedience experiment, it is very likely that you would

play the role of the teacher and be told to "shock" the learner.

Although Americans' approval of interracial marriage has soared over the past half-century, many still respond indifferently when they hear prejudice-laden language regarding interracial marriage. This illustrates

racial prejudice.

Betty and Jane are high school friends. Betty helps Jane with her studies, and Jane, who belongs to several social clubs, brings Betty with her to social gatherings. This mutually beneficial relationship can best be explained by

reward theory.

College professors are typically expected to teach courses, engage in scholarly activity, and serve on a variety of college committees. These professional duties are best described as requirements associated with a specific

role

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves

role-playing aggression.

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of

scapegoat theory.

One analysis revealed that pitchers were more likely to hit batters when the previous batter had hit a home run. This best illustrates

the frustration-aggression principle.

A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve the cruel treatment they receive best illustrates

the just-world phenomenon.

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called

the just-world phenomenon.

An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as

the mere exposure effect.

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that increases the likelihood of bystanders helping?

the presence of other bystanders in the situation

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.

think about, influence, and relate to

We are likely to conform to group pressure when

we admire the group's status and attractiveness.

In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to

situational attributions.

Conformity to peer pressure may lead us to behave in ways that violate our own personal convictions. This best illustrates the impact of

social control.

After a light turns green, drivers take about 15 percent less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates

social facilitation.

The understood rules for accepted and expected behavior are called

social norms.

Mrs. Pollak fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

the bystander effect.

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as

the bystander effect.

Group polarization refers to

the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.

Social script refers to

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of

father care.

Straight, cisgender people are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward gay and transgender people following the experience of

friendly contact.