Chapter 11-S
a total of ____ pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain and brainstem
12
what is the meaning of the root word "mening-"
membrane
what are some functions of the cerebrum
memory and storage intellect and reasoning interpretation of sensory signals initiation of voluntary movements
what are the membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
meninges
what type of axons (nerve fibers) are found in a motor nerve?
motor
the autonomic nervous system contains what type of nerve fibers?
motor fibers efferent fibers
the cerebral cortex is divided into what three functional areas
motor, association, sensory
a ________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue
nerve
what is the basic embryonic structure that gives rise to the structures of the central nervous system
neural tube
which describes a mixed nerve
a nerve containing both sensory and motor nerve fibers
cranial nerve VI is also called the _______________ nerve
abducens
what is a reflex
an automatic, subconscious response to a specific stimulus
motor signals leave the spinal cord through the _____________ roots, while sensory signals enter the spinal cord through the ______________ roots
anterior; posterior
areas of the cerebral cortex that interpret sensory impulses and handle reasoning and judgement are called _______________ areas
association
preganglionc and postganglionic fibers form the motor pathways for the ___________ nervous system
autonomic
the ___________________ nervous system controls smooth and cardiac muscle without conscious effort to independently maintain homeostasis
autonomic
the division of the PNS that regulates visceral activities and maintains homeostasis is called the _________________ nervous system
autonomic
what innervates internal organs such as the salivary glands, stomach, and intestines
autonomic fibers of spinal nerves autonomic motor fibers of cranial nerves
the _________ of a neuron is also referred to as a nerve fiber
axon
where is arachnoid mater in relationship to the other meninges?
between the dura and Pia maters
nerves arising from the ____________ plexus innervate the upper limbs and part of the neck and shoulder s
brachial
what are the components of the central nervous system
brain spinal cord
indicate the correct order of meninges from superficial at the top to deep at the bottom?
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
the brainstem connects the _____________ to the __________-
brain; spinal cord
the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain are subparts of what part of the brain
brainstem
what is the corpus callosum
bundle of axons that connects the cerebral hemispheres
what are tracts in the nervous system
bundles of myelinated axons
as the lumbar and sacral nerves extend inferiorly beyond the end of the spinal cord they form the ________________
cauda equina
what is the narrow channel in the spinal cord that contains CSF
central canal
the subarachnoid space contains ____________________ fluid
cerebrospinal
what is the largest part of the adult brain
cerebrum
where are basal nuclei found
cerebrum
the ____________ plexus innervates the muscles of the skin and the neck
cervical
structures called the _______________ secrete cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexuses
in the peripheral nervous system, ___________ nerves originate from the brain and _______________ nerves originate from the spinal cord
cranial spinal
Describe the somatic nervous system
cranial and spinal nerve fibers that connect the CNS to skin and skeletal muscle
indicate the cranial nerve number for the trochlear nerve
cranial nerve IV
indicate the cranial nerve number for the trigeminal nerve
cranial nerve V
indicate the cranial nerve number for the vestibulocochlear nerve
cranial nerve VIII
indicate the cranial nerve number for the hypoglossal nerve
cranial nerve XII
the peripheral nervous system includes _______________ and _________________
cranial nerves spinal nerves
the anatomical name that reflects the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the brainstem and sacral regions of the spinal cord is the _________________ division.
craniosacral
because of the ______________ of nerve fibers, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body and vice versa
crossing over
the area of the brain called the ________________ is located between the cerebral hemispheres, superior to the brain stem, and surrounding the third ventricle
diencephalon
the hypothalamus is part of which area of the brain
diencephalon
the thalamus is part of which area of the brain
diencephalon
what are the components of the brain?
diencephalon cerebral hemisphere cerebellum brain stem
cranial nerve VII is also called the _____________ nerve
facial
true or false: most organs are innervated by either the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system, but not both.
false
the primary motor area is found in the _____________ lobe
frontal
cranial nerve IX is also called the _____________ nerve.
glossopharyngeal
place the parts of a neuron in the appropriate category:
gray matter: -unmyelinated axons -cell bodies white matter: -myelinated axons
what is the general name for the ridges or convolutions seen on the surface of the cerebrum
gyri
what does the root word cephal- mean
head
the ________________ of the brain maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities and controlling the endocrine system
hypothalamus
the five loves of the cerebrum are the ____________, the _______________ lobe, the ________________ lobe, the _______________ lobe, and the _________ lobe
insula frontal parietal temporal occipital
what are some general functions of the brain
issues motor commands perception of sensation regulates visceral activity
which are functions of the spinal cord
it is a center for many reflexes it conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain
which statements about sleep are true?
it is characterized by inhibition of muscular activity it is reversible state of unconsciousness
where is the dura mater located?
just deep to the skull
The ventricles that are located within the cerebral hemispheres are the ___________ ventricles
lateral
within the brain, what is the name of the set of structures that work together to produce emotions and to guide behaviors associated with survival?
limbic system
what plexus gives rise to a number of nerves that control the muscles of the thighs, legs and feet
lumbosacral plexus
which are functions of the cerebellum
maintains posture coordinates skeletal muscle contractions integrates signals about body position
name the parts of the brain stem
medulla oblongata pons midbrain
functions of the cerebral hemispheres are divided such that ____________-
one hemisphere is usually dominant for certain intellectual functions
the name associated with cranial nerve II is the ___________ nerves
optic
the __________________ branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the activities of internal organs during times of rest
parasympathetic
the ______________________ branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the activities of internal organs during times of rest
parasympathetic
the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are subdivisions of the ___________________ nervous system
peripheral
what part of the brain sits just inferior to the midbrain
pons
where is the cerebellum located
posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata
the first part of a reflex arc is the __________, which generates action potentials which move along the sensory, or afferent, neuron
receptor
What does the longitudinal fissure separate?
right and left cerebral hemispheres
the __________ areas of the cerebrum function to receive input from receptors, producing sensations.
sensory
the thalamus is a really station for _____________ signals
sensory
what ares of the body are innervated by the lumbosacral plexus
skin of feet muscles in the thigh lower abdominal wall
rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement are two types of ______________.
sleep
the medulla oblongata is superior what structure
spinal cord
the neural tube is an embryonic structure that gives rise to what structures?
spinal cord; brain
the _____________ provides two way communication between the central nervous system and the muscle and skin of the upper and lower limbs, neck, and trunk
spinal nerves
where can CSF be found
subarachnoid space central canal of spinal cord ventricles of brain
shallow grooves found all over the surface of the cerebrum are called _________________
sulci
the __________________ branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the activities of body systems during stressful situations
sympathetic
the preganglionic fibers of the _________________ division of the autonomic nervous system arise from the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord
sympathetic
the autonomic nervous system is divided into the ____________________ and ________________ divisions.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
within a reflex arc, the sensory neurons conduct nerve impulses towards what structure
the central nervous system
what structure marks the superior end of the spinal cord
the foramen magnum
choose the origins of sympathetic preganglionic neurons
thoracic region of spinal cord lumbar region of spinal cord
how do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column
through the intervertebral foramina
which direction does a sensory nerve conduct impulses
towards the brain and spinal cord
cranial nerve V is also called the ________________ nerve
trigeminal
true or false: the cranial nerves serve parts of the head, neck, and also some structures of the trunk
true
which region of the body is served by nerves arising from the brachial plexus?
upper limb
cranial nerve X is also called the ______ nerve
vagus
cavities within the brain are called
ventricles
the epidural space is located between the ______________ and the ____________
vertebrae dura mater
in the brain, what are fissures
very deep grooves
sense are categorized into two main classes, special and general. what are examples of special senses?
vision and hearing
which layer is superficial in the spinal cord
white matter
