CHAPTER 11: Sleep & Waking
How many hours a day does a baby usually sleep?
18 hours
How much more energy does the brain use when focusing rather than using the default mode network?
5 %
What are some theories that attempt to identify the functions of REM dreams?
Activation-synthesis theory, Crick-Mitcheson forgetting theory, Winson's evolutionary theory and the threat simulation theory
Jet lag is worse when traveling in which direction?
East
How does the body's internal master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, receive information about light?
From the retinohypothalamic pathway
What sleep disorders can be treated with medication?
Insomnia, narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder and Restless leg syndrome (RLS)
What brief burst of brain activity consists of single delta waves that occur during state 2 NREM sleep?
K-complex
As you get older, do you sleep more or less?
Less
What becomes possible when the circuits managing waking are inhibited and activity in the raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus drops?
NREM sleep
What brain wave is associated with an eye movement?
PGO wave
What electrical waveform is observed during REM sleep and originates int he pons and travels to the thalamus and occipital lobe?
PGO wave
What parts of the brain are active during REM sleep?
Pons
What parts of the brain are active during NREM sleep?
Preoptic area of the hypothalamus, raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus
What is the term for the increased amount of REM sleep following a period of REM deprivation?
REM rebound
What sleep disorder is characterized by the absence of normal REM paralysis?
REM sleep behavior disorder
What are some of the leading theories of the functions of sleep?
That sleep keeps us safe, sleep restores the body and memories are consolidated during sleep
What are some neurochemicals that are associated with the regulation of sleep and waking?
acetylcholine, glutamate, histamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, adenosine and melatonin
What theory suggests that dream content reflects ongoing neural activity?
activation-synthesis theory
What brain waveform cycles 8-13 times per second and is associated with less alertness and more relaxation than beta activity during wakefulness?
alpha wave
What is the total absence of airflow for a period of time during sleep?
apnea
What brain waveform cycles 14-30 times per second and is associated with high levels of alertness during wakefulness?
beta wave
What is a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis intrudes into the waking state?
cataplexy
What group of cells is located at the border of the pons and midbrain and uses acetycholine (ACh) as their major neurotransmitter and participates in them aintenance of waking?
cholinergic mesopontine nuclei
What cycle repeats over 24 hours?
circadian rhythm
What hormone is released by the adrenal glands that promotes arousal?
cortisol
What circuit is active during periods of unfocused thought?
default mode network (DMN)
What brain waveform cycles 1-4 times per second and occurs during states 3 and 4 of NREM sleep?
delta wave
What brain activity is associated with independent action of many neurons and alertness?
desynchronous
What is the act of resetting internal biological clocks to the 24-hour cycle of the Earth's rotation?
entrainment
What theory suggests that dreaming provides the advantage of consolidating memories during sleep rather than during waking?
evolutionary model of dreaming
What rhythm is not synchronized to environmental time cues?
free-running circadian rhythm
What brain waveform cycles more than 30 times per second and is associated with the processing of sensory input?
gamma band activity
What hormone is released during stages 3 & 4 of slow-wave sleep that promotes growth, increases in bone and muscle mass and immune system function?
growth hormone (GH)
What is a REM-type dream that intrudes into the waking state prior to the onset of sleep?
hypnogogic hallucinations
What is a REM-type dream that intrudes into the waking state upon awakening?
hypnopompic hallucinations
What is the term for a reduction in airflow during sleep?
hypopnea
What condition is the difficulty of initiating or maintaining enough sleep to feel rested?
insomnia
What are some sleep-wake disorders?
insomnia, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorders, nightmares, sleep terrors, sleep talking, sleepwalking, REM sleep behavior disorder and restless leg syndrome (RLS)
What stimuli do circadian rhythms respond to?
internal signals and external zeitgebers
What retinals provide light information to the suprachiasmatic nucleus rather than process information about visual images?
intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC)
What results from travel across time zones, presenting itself through fatigue, irritability and sleepiness?
jet lag
What kind of therapy can help reset circadian rhythms?
light therapy
In what kind of dreaming is the dreamer aware that he or she is dreaming and can manipulate the experience?
lucid dreaming
What is thoughtful dreaming?
lucid dreaming
What type of insomnia prevents the individual from staying asleep during the night?
maintenance insomnia
What type of depression results from insufficient amounts of daylight during the winter months? Note: formerly known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
major depressive disorder with seasonal patterns
What photopigment is used by ipRGCs?
melanopsin
What indoleamine is secreted by the pineal gland and participates in the regulation of circadian rhythms?
melatonin
What biochemicals show circadian patterns of activity?
melatonin and cortisol
What does meso refer to?
mesencephalon or midbrain
What parts of the brain are active during a waking state?
midbrain, medulla, basal forebrain, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei and preoptic area of the hypothalamus?
What is a muscle jerk that occurs in early stages of sleep?
myoclonia
What sleep disorder is characterized by the intrusion of REM sleep and occasionally REM paralysis into the waking state?
narcolepsy
What is used in a computerized form to approach dreaming as a way for the brain to forget irrelevant and unnecessary information?
neural network model
What REM dream contains disturbing content?
nightmare
What period of sleep is characterized by slow, synchronous brain activity, reductions in heart rate and muscle relaxation?
non-REM (NREM) sleep
What type of insomnia makes it difficult for the individual to get to sleep at bedtime?
onset insomnia
What controls different aspects of REM sleep?
parts of the reticular formation located in the pons
What period of sleep is characterized by desynchronous brain activity, muscle paralysis, eye movement and story-like dream behavior?
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
What sleep disorder is characterized by a limb, usually a leg, moving at regular intervals during sleep?
restless leg syndrome (RLS)
What pathway leads from the retina of the eye to the hypothalamus and provides light information necessary for the maintenance of circadian rhythms?
retinohypothalamic pathway
How often do ultradian rhythms cycle?
several times a day
What condition results in health, personality, mood and interpersonal problems resulting from sleep disruption due to shift work?
shift maladaptation syndrome
What is homeostatic control of wakefulness?
sleep debt
What promotes sleep in relation to the preceding duration and intensity of wakefulness?
sleep debt
What is a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis occurs preceding or following actual sleep?
sleep paralysis
What is a short burst of 12-14 cycle-per-second waves observed during NREM sleep?
sleep spindle
What two sleep disorders have no available treatment?
sleep talking and sleepwalking
What is a NREM episode in which the individual is partically aroused, disoriented, frightened and inconsolable?
sleep terror
In which syndrome, do infants stop breathing and die during their sleep when they appear otherwise healthy?
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
What area of the hypothalamus, located above the optic chiasm, is responsible for maintaining circadian rhythms?
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
What is the body's internal master clock?
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
What brain activity is associated with neurons firing in unison and deep sleep?
synchronous
What does pontine refer to?
the pons
What brain waveform cycles 4-7 times per second and is found primarily in lighter stages of NREM sleep?
theta wave
What theory suggests that dreams provide practice for dealing with threats?
threat simulation hypothesis
What cycle occurs several times within a single day?
ultradian cycle
What external cue sets biological rhythm?
zeitgeber