Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System
The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the __(1)__.
1. Thorax
The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the __(1)__.
1. lumen
From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the __(1)__ through the __(2)__ valve to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left __(3)__ to the capillary beds of the __(4)__ to the __(5)__ to the __(6)__ of the heart through the __(7)__ valve, to the __(8)__ through the __(9)__ semilunar valve, to the __(10)__, to the systemic arteries, to the __(11)__ of the body tissues, to the systemic veins, to the __(12)__ and __(13)__, which enter the right atrium of the heart.
1. right ventricle 2. pulmonary semilunar 3. pulmonary arteries 4. right and left pulmonary ateries/veins 5. left atrium 6. left atrium 7. bicuspid/mitrival 8. left ventricle 9. aortic 10. aorta 11. capillary beds 12.superior vena cava 13. inferior vena cava
The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as __(1)__, and the period of ventricular relaxation is called __(2)__.
1. systole 2. diastole
The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease __(10)__ during heart activity.
10. friction
The heart muscle, or myocardium, is composed of a specialized type of muscle tissue called__(11)__.
11. cardiac muscles
Its apex rests on the __(2)__, and its base is at the level of the __(3)__ rib.
2. Diaphragm 3. second
Reduction of the diameter of this cavity is called __(2)__, and enlargement of the vessel diameter is called __(3)__.
2. vasoconstriction 3. vasodilation
The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are __(3)__.
3. lub-dub
The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the __(4)__.
4. Aorta
The first heart sound is a result of closure of the __(4)__ valves; the second heart sound is caused by closure of the __(5)__ valves.
4. atrioventricular 5. semilunar
Blood is carried to the heart by __(4)__ and away from the heart by __(5)__.
4. veins 5. ateries
The coronary sinus empties into the __(5)__.
5. Right atrium
Relative to the roles of the heart chambers, the __(6)__ are receiving chambers, whereas the __(7)__ are discharging chambers.
6. Atria 7. Ventricles
The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the __(6)__, and the chambers that have just emptied are the __(7)__.
6. Ventricles 7. atria
Capillary beds are supplied by __(6)__ and drained by __(7)__.
6. arterioles 7. venules
Immediately after the second heart sound, the __(8)__ are filling with blood, and the __(9)__ are empty. Abnormal heart sounds, or __(10)__ usually indicate valve problems.
8. atria 9. ventricles 10. murmurs
The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the __(9)__.
9. Epicardium
Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Chest pain, resulting from ischemia (lack of blood and oxygen) of the myocardium
Angina pectoris
An abnormally slow heartbeat, that is, slower than 60 beats per minute
Bradycardia
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.
Electrocardiogram
Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume
Epinephrine
Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume
Exercise
Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume
Fear
The resting heart rate is the fastest in _____ life.
Fetal
Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume
Fever
A condition in which the heart is uncoordinated and useless as a pump
Fibrillation
Damage to the AV node, totally or partially releasing the ventricles from the control of the sinoatrial (SA) node
Heart Block
Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume
Low blood pressure
The period when the atria are depolarizing
P wave
The period during which the ventricles are depolarizing, which precedes their contraction
QRS wave
Because the heart of the highly trained athlete hypertrophies, its ______ decreases.
Rate of contraction
The period when the ventricles are repolarizing
T wave
An abnormally rapid heartbeat, that is, faster than 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume
Thyroxine
Also called the adventitia
Tunica externa
Supporting, protective coat
Tunica externa
Provides smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow
Tunica intima
Single thin layer of endothelium
Tunica intima
The only tunic of capillaries
Tunica intima
Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin
Tunica media
The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation
Tunica media
The pumping action of the healthy heart ordinarily maintains a balance between cardiac output and _______.
Venous return
In ______ congestion, the feet, ankles, and fingers become edematous (swollen).
peripheral
