Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System

The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the __(1)__.

1. Thorax

The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the __(1)__.

1. lumen

From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the __(1)__ through the __(2)__ valve to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left __(3)__ to the capillary beds of the __(4)__ to the __(5)__ to the __(6)__ of the heart through the __(7)__ valve, to the __(8)__ through the __(9)__ semilunar valve, to the __(10)__, to the systemic arteries, to the __(11)__ of the body tissues, to the systemic veins, to the __(12)__ and __(13)__, which enter the right atrium of the heart.

1. right ventricle 2. pulmonary semilunar 3. pulmonary arteries 4. right and left pulmonary ateries/veins 5. left atrium 6. left atrium 7. bicuspid/mitrival 8. left ventricle 9. aortic 10. aorta 11. capillary beds 12.superior vena cava 13. inferior vena cava

The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as __(1)__, and the period of ventricular relaxation is called __(2)__.

1. systole 2. diastole

The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease __(10)__ during heart activity.

10. friction

The heart muscle, or myocardium, is composed of a specialized type of muscle tissue called__(11)__.

11. cardiac muscles

Its apex rests on the __(2)__, and its base is at the level of the __(3)__ rib.

2. Diaphragm 3. second

Reduction of the diameter of this cavity is called __(2)__, and enlargement of the vessel diameter is called __(3)__.

2. vasoconstriction 3. vasodilation

The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are __(3)__.

3. lub-dub

The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the __(4)__.

4. Aorta

The first heart sound is a result of closure of the __(4)__ valves; the second heart sound is caused by closure of the __(5)__ valves.

4. atrioventricular 5. semilunar

Blood is carried to the heart by __(4)__ and away from the heart by __(5)__.

4. veins 5. ateries

The coronary sinus empties into the __(5)__.

5. Right atrium

Relative to the roles of the heart chambers, the __(6)__ are receiving chambers, whereas the __(7)__ are discharging chambers.

6. Atria 7. Ventricles

The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the __(6)__, and the chambers that have just emptied are the __(7)__.

6. Ventricles 7. atria

Capillary beds are supplied by __(6)__ and drained by __(7)__.

6. arterioles 7. venules

Immediately after the second heart sound, the __(8)__ are filling with blood, and the __(9)__ are empty. Abnormal heart sounds, or __(10)__ usually indicate valve problems.

8. atria 9. ventricles 10. murmurs

The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the __(9)__.

9. Epicardium

Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Chest pain, resulting from ischemia (lack of blood and oxygen) of the myocardium

Angina pectoris

An abnormally slow heartbeat, that is, slower than 60 beats per minute

Bradycardia

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

Electrocardiogram

Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume

Epinephrine

Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume

Exercise

Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume

Fear

The resting heart rate is the fastest in _____ life.

Fetal

Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume

Fever

A condition in which the heart is uncoordinated and useless as a pump

Fibrillation

Damage to the AV node, totally or partially releasing the ventricles from the control of the sinoatrial (SA) node

Heart Block

Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume

Low blood pressure

The period when the atria are depolarizing

P wave

The period during which the ventricles are depolarizing, which precedes their contraction

QRS wave

Because the heart of the highly trained athlete hypertrophies, its ______ decreases.

Rate of contraction

The period when the ventricles are repolarizing

T wave

An abnormally rapid heartbeat, that is, faster than 100 beats per minute

Tachycardia

Increases cardiac output by influencing heart rate or stroke volume

Thyroxine

Also called the adventitia

Tunica externa

Supporting, protective coat

Tunica externa

Provides smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow

Tunica intima

Single thin layer of endothelium

Tunica intima

The only tunic of capillaries

Tunica intima

Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin

Tunica media

The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation

Tunica media

The pumping action of the healthy heart ordinarily maintains a balance between cardiac output and _______.

Venous return

In ______ congestion, the feet, ankles, and fingers become edematous (swollen).

peripheral