Chapter 11- Thinking and Problem Solving

Which statement correctly compares the function of Broca's area and Wernicke's area? Broca's area is involved with production and Wernicke's area with understanding. Broca's area is involved with understanding and Wernicke's area with production. Broca's area is involved with universal grammar and Wernicke's area with acquisition. Broca's area is involved with distinguishing phonemes and Wernicke's area with universal grammar.

Broca's area is involved with production and Wernicke's area with understanding.

Sally knows humans require water to live. Based on this knowledge, Sally recognizes that it is important for her to drink water after recess, in order to remain healthy. What kind of reasoning did Sally use? Inductive Deductive Both inductive and deductive Logical

Deductive

What is a heuristic? A law of logic A type of reasoning A logical fallacy A mental shortcut

A mental shortcut

Daniel has noticed that Rob is extremely intelligent. Rob is apart of the chess club. Daniel has also noticed that other members of the chess club are intelligent. Daniel decides that the types of people who are skilled at chess are very intelligent. What kind of reasoning is Daniel using? Both inductive and deductive Deductive Logical Inductive

Inductive

images

Non directed thought relies heavily on this unit of thought.

Which of the following is an argument against Noam Chomsky's theory of universal language? Scientists have found that children go through five stages in language acquisition. The Pirahã people speak a language that doesn't follow usual language rules. Babies are able to tell the difference between Hindi sounds that are not found in English. Researchers have found many grammatical features shared across different languages. Children may not begin to use complex sentences until 25 months or older.

The Piraha people speak a language that doesn't follow usual language rules.

Which of the following would be considered an example of language according to principle of combinability? Your car's 'check engine' light flashing Your phone beeping when you have a new call The content of a text message Your alarm clock blaring in the morning A door bell ringing when pressed

The content of a text message

Which of the following BEST explains why the alarm calls made by vervet monkeys should not be considered language? They demonstrate a complex and interchangeable variety of calls They are made up of only a few words and modifiers They have only phonemes and not morphemes They include just one call for a variety of dangers They can't be combined to produce additional meanings

They can't be combined to produce additional meanings

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of concepts? They save space in a person's memory. They allow people to communicate. They reduce anxiety. They allow people to make predictions.

They reduce anxiety

Which of the following is a benefit of heuristics? They expose logical fallacies in other arguments They save time They always produce correct conclusions They are always logically sound

They save time

Is something, that has a high level of typicality, usually easier to generalize about than something that has a low level of typicality? Why or why not? Yes, because the higher the level of typicality, the less it resembles the prototype, so one needs to be more cognitively engaged to generalize. No, because the higher the level of typicality, the more it resembles the prototype, so one needs to be less cognitively engaged to generalize. No, because the higher the level of typicality, the less it resembles the prototype, so one can generalize less based on what one knows about the prototype. Yes, because the higher the level of typicality, the closer it resembles the prototype, so one can generalize more based on what one knows about the prototype.

Yes, because the higher the level of typicality, the closer it resembles the prototype, so one can generalize more based on what one knows about the prototype.

A seven month old baby repeats "bababa" and "dadada". This is an example of universal grammar at work. a baby's use of phonemes from his native language. a baby's first speech like sounds. overextending the meaning of words. the development of Wernicke's area.

a baby's first use of phonemes from his native language.

heuristic

a mental shortcut that helps us make decisions and judgments quickly without having to spend a lot of time researching and analyzing information

language acquisition device

a mental structure that facilitates learning of language because it is programmed with fundamental language rules.

features

a problem solving term that identifies the characteristic of an object

function

a problem solving term that identifies the way an object is used

over complication

a problem solving term where one thinks of only complex possibilities when a simple solution is needed

over simplification

a problem solving term where one thinks of only simple possibilities when a complex solution is needed

algorithm

a step by step procedure for solving a problem that will give you the answer.

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

conformation bias

an obstacle to problem solving because it predisposes us to verify rather than challenge our hypotheses.

Benjamin Whorf

argued that language affects out basic perceptions of the world

The holophrastic stage refers to the time when babies can use a few words and understand many more. babies develop a broad vocabulary. babies recognize and point to named objects. babies begin uttering speech-like sounds. start babbling repetitive syllables.

babies can use a few words and understand many more

A way to classify something in your mind refers to as a ____. typicality prototype concept prediction

concept

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram where they use mostly nouns and verbs. 2 word speech.

symbols

most abstract unit of thought that can be a sound, object, or design that represents an object or equality.

overextended

overextending the meaning of a words. (baby associating "dada" with all men"

Vowels and consonants are examples of prefixes semantics morphemes suffixes phonemes

phonemes

problem solving

process of thinking about a difficult situation until that difficulty is resolved.

A representative of a concept is a ____. prototype typicality protocept prediction

prototype

recombination

rearranging the elements of a problem in order to arrive at an original solution.

linguistic relativity

refers to the idea that a person's language influences his or her thoughts.

syntax

set of rules for combining words to form meaningful phrases and sentences

Inductive reasoning involves starting with _____ and then _____. logical thinking; testing your ideas rational argument; extrapolating conclusions specific examples; making generalizations generalizations; applying to specific examples

specific examples; making generalizations

language

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate

An example of a morpheme is the 'de-' in 'deconstruct' an 'e' that makes the 'a' in 'lake' have a long sound the sound made by 'ch' an adjective like 'yellow' the 'y' in 'by'

the 'de-' in 'deconstruct'

flexibility

the ability to overcome rigidity

creativity

the ability to use information in a new, original, and meaningful way

metacognition

the awareness of one's own cognitive process. "thinking about thinking"

prototype

the best representative of a concept

Thinking

the changing and reorganizing of stored information

Non directed thinking

the free flow of thoughts which does not have a special plan or goal.

typicality

the idea that members of a group differ in how similar they are to a prototype.

functional fixedness

the inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects

directed thinking

the kind of thinking that is systematic and logical and depends on symbols, concepts, and rules.

cognition

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

words

the most common symbols in adult thought

rule

the most complex unit of thought

semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning.

morpheme

the smallest units in language that carry meaning

phoneme

the smallest units of sound in a language

strategy

the specific methods for approaching problems by the use of directed thinking. Plan to solve problems

insight

the sudden emergence of a solution by recombination. Aha experience.

holophrastic

the utterance of just single words despite understanding many more is called the _____ stage

Skinner

theorized language development occurs as a result of reinforcement

flexibility/ recombination

two key elements of creativity are ___ and the ability to ___ elements to achieve insight.

convergent thinking

type of thinking narrows the available solutions down to a single solution

divergent thinking

type of thinking that expands the number of possible solutions

The idea that members of a group differ in how similar they are to a prototype is called ____. typicality concept similarity generalizability

typicality

Overextending language is when a baby uses many different words for a single thing. begins to advance beyond his or her expected language level. begins to fall behind his or her expected language level. uses a single word to mean many different things. begins to use many words he or she doesn't yet understand.

uses a single word to mean many different things.

set

when a particular strategy becomes a habit

rigidity

when a set interferes with problem solving, inability to change to new ways of thinking

concept

when a symbol is used for a whole class of objects that have a common feature, a rule is a relation ship between _____

How could you BEST describe the role that grammar plays in language? Grammar is a system of rules you learn in English class Grammar allows us to distinguish between what is language and what is not Grammar concentrates mainly on the use of morphemes added to words Grammar is not essential to language and is only present in certain ones Grammar enables complexity of meaning in language

Grammar enables complexity of meaning in language

Noam Chomsky

He believed that everyone has a universal language (language acquisiton device)

imitation

Skinner believed that children ____ the utterances of their parents

conditioning/ reinforcement

Skinner believed that children learn language through