Chapter 11 World History: New Global Connections
civil war
-war fought between groups of people in the same nation -weakened Incas -helped Pizarro defeat Incas
Qianglong
-successful Chinese emperor during the Qing dynasty -expanded China's border= largest ever
Tariff
-tax on imported goods -protected local industries from foreign competition by increasing price of imported goods
Creole
-American-born descendant of Spanish settlers -2nd in colonial social class -owned plantations, ranches, & mines
sovereign
-having full, independent power -Dutch east India Company had this
Prince Henry
-"Henry the Navigator" -Portuguese prince & patron of explorers -captured Moroccan city of Ceuta -sponsored voyages to the Madeira Islands & West African coast -raised money for expeditions & established base for explorers in Sagres -support of cartography, advances in navigation, & exploration provided foundation for Portugal's rise to international dominance
Conquistador
-"conquerer" -leader in the Spanish conquests of America, Mexico & Peru in 16th century -forced Natives to give them gold & convert to Christianity
Olaudah Equiano
-11 year old boy seized from Nigerian village by slave traders -transported to Americas -gained freedom & wrote about experiences in an autobiography
How Triangular Trade worked
-1st leg: Europe goods to Africa for slaves -2nd leg: Middle Passage African slaves to Americas for goods from plantations -3rd leg: America goods to Europe for commodities needed to return to Africa
European searches for a direct route to Asia
-1st tried around Southern tip of Africa -Portuguese were the 1st & after they established trading post in much of Africa & Indies, the Spanish followed -Spanish tried to find direct route through the west, through the Pacific -these searches were long & voyagers offered suffered from diseases on the journeys -many sailors did not survive but the searches were profitable if they were successful
Moctezuma
-Aztec emperor -sent gifts (turquoise, feathers) w/ religious importance to Spanish -thought Cortes might be god-king Quetzalcoatl -defeated by Cortes & forced to sign over land & treasure -taken prisoner & killed by Spanish
How the decline of Mughal India affected European traders in the region
-Civil war drained resources= increased taxes -corruption= central gov. faded -French & English began to fight for power -Europeans had to set up East India Companies= organized sepoys in India -led to British & French struggle for global power -British drove out French and dominated most of India
Monopoly
-Complete control of a product or business by one person or group
How the Aztec & Incan empires were impacted by Spanish conquistadors & European colonization
-Cortes took over & demolished Aztec capital -Aztec population was decimated by Spanish disease -Incas= affected by diseases -Spanish established cities in Inca empire region & on aztec capitol -EUROPEAN DISEASE & SPANISH WEAPON TECHNOLOGY DECIMATED AZTEC & MAYAN CIVILIZATIONS
Boers
-Dutch farmers who settled in South Africa around Cape Town & eventually migrated inland -ousted, enslaved, or killed ppl who lived there -held Calvinist beliefs that they were chosen by God; believed Africans were inferior
Privateer
-Dutch, English, and French pirates who preyed on treasure ships from the Americas in the 1500s -operating with the approval of European governments
Mombasa
-East African coastal city & hub of international trade -attacked by Portuguese explorers to expel Arabs who controlled East African trade routes
Malindi
-East African coastal city & hub of international trade -attacked by Portuguese explorers to expel the Arabs who control East African trade routes
Pilgrim
-English Protestants who rejected the Church of England -landed in Plymouth -signed Mayflower Compact; guidelines governing new colonies -taught by Natives to grow corn & to survive
European contacts with Ming & Qing China
-Europeans=Barbarians; Chinese= praised -reached China from Malacca Ming: -wanted nothing from Europeans but gold or silver -Europeans wanted silks & porcelains -allowed Portuguese & other Europeans set up trading posts -strict trading rules at Macao -sent Christian Missionaries; fascinated w/ European technologies & discoveries Qing: -prosperity= demand of goods from Europe -restricted trade -ignored the west & rejected advances
Jacques Cartier
-French explorer -explored coastline of eastern Canada; discovered St. Lawrence River -claimed much of Canada for France
Samuel de Champlain
-French navigator & explorer -established Quebec -"Father of New France"
New France
-French possessions in present-day Canada from the 1500s to 1763 -grew while French were at war in Europe
Why the colony of New France grew slowly
-French rulers were distracted by wars in Europe -harsh Canadian climate= few peasants -Fishing & fur trading eventually caused ppl to settle
sepoy
-Indian soldier -served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies
Christopher Columbus
-Italian navigator from port of Genoa -wanted to reach East Indies by sailing west -convinced Isabella & Ferdinand of Spain to sponsor his voyage -sailed west and landed in the Caribbean
Matteo Ricci
-Italian scholar & Jesuit priest -traveled to China -taught Chinese scholars European mathematical ideas -goal= convert Chinese upper-class to christianity
Nagasaki
-Japanese city -Tokugawa shoguns permitted 1 or two Dutch ships to trade w/ Japan each year
Mughal Empire
-Muslim empire that ruled most of northern India from the mid-1500s to the mid-1700s -Mogul or Mongol empire
Taino
-Native American group encountered by Columbus when he first arrived in the West Indies -generous ppl -assaulted by Columbus's men
Afonso de Albuquerque
-Portuguese admiral -helped found Portugal's trade empire in East -captured & built strategic forts at Goa, Calicut, Malacca, and Hormoz -reconstructed other forts -set up shipbuilding and other Portuguese industries in India & built churches.
How Portugal and the Other European Nations challenged Spanish power
-Portuguese began to build towns, plantations, & churches in Americas (Brazil) -wealth of Americas allowed Portuguese to compete w/ Spanish -Other Europeans smugglers traded illegally w/ Spanish & Portuguese colonies -pirates preyed on treasure ships from Americas
Vasco da Gama
-Portuguese explorer & navigator -1st person to directly reach India by sailing around Africa -established trading posts along East African coast
Ferdinand Magellan
-Portuguese nobleman -set out from Spain to find way to reach Pacific -reached coast of South America -found passage= Strait of Magellan -continued journey west through the pacific to the East Indies -his fleet reached the Philippines= killed there
Results of the first encounters between the Spanish & Native Americans
-Spain colonized and explored the Americas; transformed Americas -assaulted natives & converted to Christianity -Spanish guns & horses gave them the advantage & frightened natives -disease helped the Spanish take control of natives; many natives died
Francisco Pizarro
-Spanish explorer -his trickery helped defeat the Incas -urged Inca ruler to convert to Christianity & accept Charles V as sovereign -Overran Incan heartland -killed by rival Spanish faction
Hernan Cortes
-Spanish landowner in Cuba & conquistador -led expedition to Mexico -Allied w/ some Native Americans -conquered Aztecs-Tenochtitlan
John Cabot
-Ventian explorer -commanded English expedition; reached fishing grounds of Newfoundland -claimed region for England
cartographer
-a person who makes maps -gathered by Prince Henry to plan voyages
alliance
-a relationship in which people agree to work together -Cortes formed this w/ other natives to conquer the Aztecs
Osei Tutu
-able military leader -won control of trading city of Kumasi -conquered neighboring ppls & unified Asante -claimed right to rule came from heaven
compact
-agreement among people -Mayflower Compact= early step toward self-gov.
Establishment & growth of the English colonies
-began building colonies along Atlantic seaboard in North America -1st permanent colony, Jamestown= disaster -ppl died of starvation & disease -more settlers landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts -other colonies were founded; some were commercial ventures -some were havens for persecuted religious groups -others= gifts from King to loyal supporters -geographic conditions helped shape ways of life -life revolved around farming; allowed to grow cuz of enslaved Africans -royal governors oversaw colonial affairs & Parliament passed laws to regulate trade -enjoyed large degree of self-gov
Bartoleme de Las Casas
-bold Spanish priest -condemned evils of encomienda system -sent reports to Spain to end abuse -prodded Spain to pass New Laws of the Indies -urged import of workers from Africa
Major features of Spanish colonial government, society, & culture
-built Spanish style cities on top of ruins of Native cities -Christianized Natives -set up Council of the Indies to pass laws & monitor viceroys -appointed viceroys to rule a province; lesser officials helped viceroys rule -Catholic church worked w/ gov; served as royal officials -European clothing, Spanish language, & new crafts shaped culture -Spain controlled economic activities; trade -colonists= forbidden to trade w/ others besides Spanish -forced labor: Encomienda System -New Laws of the Indies: forbade enslavement & abuse -diverse mix of ppl= new societies -Unequal social class -Cities were centers of gov., commerce, & culture -built universities to educate priests
How the Portuguese established footholds on Africa's coasts
-built forts to collect food & water, & to repair ships -not colonies, left men & firepower to defend forts -used Canons to expel Arabs who controlled the East African trade network
Tenochtitlan
-capital city of the Aztec empire -conquered by Hernan Cortez
Impact of Spanish colonization of the Americas
-changed patter of global encounter -much of world= connected by sea routes -goods, ppl, & ideas spread across uncharted lands -Spain wins wealth & power -suffering & death of Native Americans -spread of Christianity
Moluccas
-chief source of spices -island chain in present-day Indonesia -"spice islands"
Malacca
-city located on the Malay Peninsula near the strategic Straits of Malacca -Portuguese took this port in 1511
Guangzhou
-coastal city in southeastern China, also known as Canton -during Ming Europeans could trade w/ Chinese merchants -could only trade under supervision of imperial officials
Goa
-coastal city seized in 1510 -became the commercial & military base of Portugal's India trade
Triangular Trade
-colonial trade routes among Europe and its colonies, the West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves -immensely profitable -industries that supported trade thrived -port cities succeeded
Philippines
-country in southeastern Asia made up of several thousand islands -seized by Spanish -important link in Spain's overseas trading empire -destination of silver fleets sent from the Americas
outpost
-distant military station or a remote settlement -Portugal set up outposts around Indian Ocean
Qing
-dynasty established by the Manchus in the mid 1600s and lasted until the early 1900s -China's last dynasty -"pure" -chose 1 Manchu & 1 Chinese for top gov. position -Kangxi extended Chinese power into Central Asia & promoted power -Qianlong= successful ruler -age of peace & prosperity; population boom
Inflation
-economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available -characteristic of price revolution
Capitalism
-economic system in which the means of production are privately owned & operated for profit -got boost from price revolution
Treaty of Paris
-ended worldwide war -resulted in British dominance over Americas -all Canada & lands east of Mississippi River to Britain -Lousiana territory-->Spain -Caribbean & African trading outposts-->France
How Portugal built a trading empire in South & Southeast Asia
-firepower technology on ships= helped to win control -won Indian Princes to their side against other Europeans -Afonso de Albuquerque commanded to burst into Asia -trading outposts around Indian Ocean
Cape Town
-first permanent European settlement in Africa -established by the Dutch in 1652
Columbian Exchange
-global exchange of goods, ideas, plants and animals, and disease -began with Columbus' exploration of the Americas -effected whole world
Impact of Atlantic slave trade on West African & the Americas
-greta profits & provided labor for colonial economies -millions of ppl brutalized by slave trade & slavery -many died during Middle Passage -disrupted whole societies in Africa= triggered wars increased tensions, & rise of new states -brought millions of Africans to Americas -issue of slavery led to Civil War -variety of African traditions & cultural elements= added to new cultures of Americas
Lord Macartney
-head of British diplomatic mission -arrived in China with British goods -refused to do kowtow -failed negotiations w/ the Chinese
Manchus
-invaders from north of China -conquered Ming dynasty -ruled China as Qing -adopted Confucian system of gov.
Nature of the Middle Passage & its effects
-it was a horror to enslaved Africans -taken from inland villages & forced to march to coastal ports -slaves= bound w/ ropes & chains to 1 another & forced to walk thousand mile distances while carrying heavy loads -many died before even sailing -once purchased, slaves were packed on ships= "floating coffins" -many slaves died of diseases or committed suicide; half of slaves died
Asante Kingdom
-kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day Ghana and was active in the slave trade -unified by Osei Tutu -defeated Denkyer -gov officials chosen by merit supervised bureaucracy -managed royal monopolies on gold & slave trade -traded w/ europeans & played rival Europeans against 1 another
Plantation
-large estate run by an overseer and worked by laborers who live there -where most slave laborers worked
Middle Passage
-leg of the triangular trade route= slaves were transported from Africa to Americas -terrible journey for enslaved Africans
Line of Demarcation
-line set by the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the non-European world into two zones, one controlled by Spain and the other by Portugal
revenue
-money taken in from taxes -king Louis XIV hoped to boost through overseas empire
Expansion of African Slave Trade
-need for laborers to make colonies profitable= expansion of slave trade -turned to Africa for laborers -Portuguese & other Europeans brought African slaves to Europe; seen as exotics servants -turned to enslaved Africans to clear plantations in Americas -African traders & rulers brought captive to coastal trading posts -grew into huge profitable business
Price Revolution
-period in European history when inflation rose rapidly -fueled by great amount of silver & gold from America= prices rise. output increased
Commercial Revolution
-period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism -growth of capitalism, banking, & investing
Peninsulares
-person born in Spain -top of colonial social class
Entrepreneur
-person who assumes financial risks in the hope of making a profit -organized, managed, & took risks of doing business -provided jobs for workers, paid for raw materials, transport, & other costs of production -pushed for predictable laws & secure contracts-->protect property & investments from unfair seizure or taxes
Mercantilism
-policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver
Mulatto
-ppl of African & European descent -lowest class
mestizo
-ppl of Native American & European descent -lower class
Oyo empire
-present-day southwestern Nigeria -used wealth from trade to maintain trained army & to conquer neighboring Dahomey kingdom -traded w/ European merchants from Dahomey's ports
Macao
-region of southeastern China made up of a peninsula and 2 islands -Ming allowed Portuguese to set up trading post here
viceroy
-representative of the king of Spain who ruled colonies in his name
immunity
-resistance, such as the power to keep from being affected by a disease -Native Americans lacked this
mutiny
-revolt, especially of soldiers or sailors against their officers -African slaves did this on ships on Middle Passage
Afonso I
-ruler of Kongo -early critic of slave trade -tutored by missionaries & was converted to Christianity at young age -hoped to build Christian state in Kongo -grew worried as slave trade increased -appeal to end slave trade failed
Major causes of European exploration
-search for spices; preserve/add flavor to food, medicine, & perfumes -demand for goods from Asia as populations recovered from Black Death in Europe -wanted direct access to cut out middlemen= cheaper -desire for wealth -hopes of conversion to Christianity -"GGG": God, Glory, Gold -improved technology; accurate maps & sea charts, astrolabe, larger/better ships, armaments
Tokugawa
-shoguns, descended from Tokugawa Ieyasu -supreme military leaders -reunified Japan & reestablished order following a century of civil war & disturbance
Missionary
-someone sent to do religious work in a territory or foreign country
Encomienda
-the right, granted by Spanish monarchs to conquistadors, to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area -forced Natives to work under brutal conditions -used in mines & plantations
Why Europeans competed for power in North America & how their struggle affected Native Americans
-to protect & expand interests -fought to acquire profitable sugar-producing colonies -competed of more territory that was profitable -alliances w/ Natives= helped to fight intruders -natives fought to defend land & played Europeans against one another
Circumnavigate
-to travel completely around the world -Magellan's fleet was the 1st to do so
Dutch East India Company
-trading company established with full sovereign powers by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect & expand its trade in Asia -dominated region
Treaty of Tordesillas
-treaty signed between Spain and Portugal -divided the non-European world between them -aided by Pope Alexander IV -lands discovered west would belong to Spain -lands discovered east would belong to Portugal -favored Spain; claimed much of Americas
French and Indian War
-war between Britain and France in the Americas that happened from 1754 to 1763 -part of a global war called the Seven Years' War -spread to India & other parts of world -result of rivalry for power -British soldiers & colonial troops launched series of campaigns against France -British won control of Canada
peon
-worker forced to labor for a landlord to pay off a debt that is impossible to pay off in his or her lifetime, which is incurred by food, tool, or seeds the landlord has advanced to him or her
Malinche
-young Indian woman -translator & advisor for Spanish -"Doña Marina" -knew Aztec & Mayan languages -helped Cortes gain alliances
Rise of Dutch & Spanish dominance in Asia & the Indian Ocean
Dutch: -Dutch won independence & competed w/ Portugal to control spice trade -1 successful voyage= frenzy of voyages -used sea power to set up colonies; Cape Town -Dutch East India Company= dominated region w/ sovereign power -enforced monopoly in Spice Islands -used military force Spanish: -took over Philippines -islands were key links to overseas trading empire -shipped riches from Americas to Philippines -used silver to buy from China
Korea & Japan's attitudes toward contact w/ the outside world
Korea: -devastated by two invasions from China & Japan -adopted policy of isolation -kidnapped foreigners who were shipwrecked -had few contacts w/ outside world; tribunes brought knowledge of advancements Japan: -welcomed traders at 1st -open to missionaries -Tokugawa= hostile towards foreigners -saw newcomers as threats -expelled foreign missionaries -turned against traders -outlawed building of large ships -allowed couple Dutch ships a year to keep informed about world events
Early Portuguese & Spanish explorations & expansions
Portugese: -sent ships to explore west coast of Africa -built small forts on coast; collected food & water, repaired ships -Bartholomeu Dias sailed around African continent -southern tip of continent became Cape of Good Hope; opened trade route through Indian Ocean to Asia -attacked Eastern African coastal cities for control of trade routes -Vasco Da Gama reached west India; seized outposts around the Indian Ocean -had rights east of the line Spanish: -sponsored Christopher Columbus' voyage to the west -cruised islands of the Caribbean; made 3 other voyages to unknown continents -had trading & exploration rights in any lands west
free enterprise system
economic system which private businesses are able to compete with each other w/ little control by government -Products, prices, & services= driven by free market laws of supply & demand rather than government regulations -capitalist economy
