media and society exam 6

________ refers to a fake grassroots organization; that is, one funded in secret by those with a vested interest in the issue at hand.

Astroturf

_____ refers to the melding of brands and experiences.

Experiential marketing

Reacting to increasing public criticism and FTC scrutiny in the 1970s, the ad industry established the ______ to monitor potentially deceptive advertising.

National Advertising Review Board

_____ advertising is the advertising of products by stores like Sears and Macy's. It is typically local, reaching consumers where they live and shop.

Retail

The history of public relations is divided into four stages—early public relations, the propaganda-publicity stage, early two-way communication, and

advanced two-way communication

______ is mediated messages paid for by and identified with a business or institution that seeks to increase the likelihood that those who consume those messages will act or think as the advertiser wishes.

advertising

A recent trend in advertising is the proliferation of __________, smaller, more personalized, and task-specific ad agencies.

boutique agencies

Advertising that touts the functional benefits of a product or service is ______ advertising.

brand

The ______ department is where the advertising is developed from idea to ad. It involves copywriting, graphic design, and often the actual production of the piece, for example, radio, television, and web spots.

creative

Creating advertising to appeal to audiences of varying personal and social characteristics, such as race, gender, and economic level, is called ______ segmentation.

demographic

Around the 1920s, public relations pioneer _____________ began stressing two-way communication—that is, public relations practitioners talking to people, and in return listening to them when they talked back.

edward bernays

There are many publics with whom PR professionals interact, including an organization's _____________ with company newsletters, social events, and internal and external recognition of superior performance.

employees

Directly interacting with elected officials or government regulators is the public relations activity known as community relations.

false

For all intents and purposes, advertising and public relations are the same endeavor.

false

_______ is a derogatory, but common, name sometimes applied to public relations professionals.

flack

Among the criticisms of advertising is its ______, the fact that ads are everywhere—in schools, on sidewalks, even in the sky.

intrusiveness

When PR professionals directly interact with elected officials or government regulators and agents, they are engaging in

lobbying

PR professionals interact with the _____________ through press packets and briefings.

media

When the department store Barneys was beset by numerous complaints of racial discrimination, it undertook an aggressive PR campaign to speak to those who felt disenfranchised by the events. This is an example of

minority relations/multicultural affairs.

When most brands in a given product category are essentially the same, they are called ______ products.

parity

In the early days of radio—from the 1920s until well after World War II—programming was

produced by ad agencies for their clients

An event staged specifically to attract public attention is a

pseudo-event

Creating advertising to appeal to consumer groups of varying lifestyles, attitudes, values, and behavior patterns is called ______ segmentation.

psychographic

The public relations activity of getting media coverage for clients is called

publicity

Employees, stockholders, the investment community, and the government are among public relations' ________, any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea.

publics

One of the difficult issues in the regulation of advertising is finding the line between false or deceptive advertising and ______, that little lie that makes advertising more entertaining than it might otherwise be.

puffery

President Franklin D. Roosevelt made impressive use of which medium as a public relations tool to sell his New Deal directly to the people?

radio

___________ accounts for the greatest proportion of online ad spending.

search marketing

Ethical PR professionals reject _______, outright lying or obfuscation.

spin

There are many publics with whom PR professionals interact, including an organization's _____________; they own the organization (if it is a corporation), and their goodwill is necessary for the business to operate.

stockholders

The first publicity company, _____________, was established in 1906 to help the railroad industry challenge legislation it opposed.

the Publicity Bureau

Advertising in the United States was a small business until the mid-1800s, when industrialization and ______ combined to alter the social and cultural landscape, bringing about advertising's expansion.

the civil war

In the span between the Civil War and the First World War, several factors combined to move the advertising industry to establish professional standards and regulate itself, including abuses by patent medicine advertisers; the examination of most of the country's important institutions, led by the muckrakers; and ______ in 1914.

the establishment of the Federal Trade Commission

During the Great Depression, many advertisements began making direct claims about why consumers needed the products, a technique called

the hard sell

The Number 1 reason people employ adblockers on their digital devices is

the sheer number of ads.

Early PR practitioner Ivy Lee is credited with changing his industry from one primarily interested in publicity to one more interested in providing information.

true

The first corporate public relations department was started by Westinghouse.

true

The modern era of public relations is characterized by advanced two-way communication.

true

A product's ______ is what sets it apart from other brands in the same product category.

unique selling proposition

At the outbreak of World War II, several national advertising and media associations joined to develop the ______ and used their expertise to promote numerous government programs.

war advertising council