Chapter 12+ 13 guided questions 153 questions

33. Define Dhow.

A Dhow is a ship that was used for cargo or passenger ships. These ships were normal on the Malabar coast of southwest India. Also, the Dhows would sail west from India to Arabia and Africa on the monsoon winds and return on the southwest monsoons. The dhows were also not nailed together. A cord made of fiber from the husk of coconut or other material was passed through rows of holes drilled in the planks. Also, the triangular sails were made of palm leaves or cotton.

23. Define Marco Polo.

A Venetian traveler who made a book about his travels along the silk road.

41. Who was Nicholas Copernicus?

A astronomer who was a polish monk who created the heliocentric view

4. Who ratified the decisions of the khan?

A council with representatives from powerful families ratified the decisions of the khan.

59. How was a female's status determined?

A female's status was determined by the status of her male master, father, husband or owner.

24. Define bubonic plague.

A virus that festered in Yunnan Province disrupted trades, killed many people, and made the Mongols withdraw.

41. Define Aden.

Aden was a civilization that was a lucky few to have enough rainfall for the whole population to drink from as well as to grow grain. Aden was also lucky enough to trade with India, East Africa, Egypt, and the Persian Gulf. basically, Aden was a trade center and relied on trade for certain materials.

50. Give some examples of how old traditions and new influences came together in the form of places of worship.

African Muslims strikingly rendered Middle Eastern mosque designs Also Hindu temple Architecture influenced the design of mosques, sometimes incorporating pieces of older structures. Also, the congregational mosque at Cambay was assembled out of pillars, porches, and archeses taken from sacked Hindu and Jian temples. Also, a congregational mosque built in Ahmadabad had an open courtyard but had surrounding verandas that incorporated many typicall Gujarati details and architectural conventions.

43. How did the Indian state of Gujarat survive its conquest by the Delhi Sultanate?

After Gujarat was independent again by Delhi sultanate the Muslim rulers extended their control over neighboring Hindu states and regained their preeminent position in the Indian Ocean Trade.

95. Why did the kingdoms of Annam and Champa clash frequently?

Annam was heavily influenced by China, while Champa was influenced by India.

42. Give examples of other Muslim intellectual achievements under the rule of the Mongols

Astronomers from Maragheh excelled in predicting lunar and solar eclipse. Astrolabes, armillary spheres, three-dimentional quadrants, and other instruments acquired new precision. And Ghiyas Al-DIn Jashid Al-Kashi employed decimal fractions, Also declared that pi was far more precise than any previously calculated.

21. Why were Muslim Turkish warriors able to conquer Northern India? There are numerous reasons.

At first, it was just a raid but then in the twelfth-century new Turkish dynasty mounted a furious assault that succeeded in capturing the important northern Indian cities of Lahore and Delhi. Also since the Turkish had better military tech (powerful crossbows). Also extended their rule over the Hindu Princes and chiefs in much of northern India.

59. Define Beijing.

Beijing was the Yuan capital, which became the center of cultural and economic life. Beijing served as the eastern terminus of the caravan routes that begin near Tabriz (Il-khan capital).

47. Discuss the impact of the Bubonic plague on Russia.

Bubonic plague became endemic among rodents in the Crimea.

94. Discuss Champa's relationship with both China and the Mongols.

Champa's relationship with China depended on how close China was to Annma, The Mongols exacted submission and tribute from Champa.

63. Why could China not satisfy the need of the Mongol aristocracy?

China couldn't satisfy the needs of Mongol aristocracy because of the agricultural base damaged by war, over taxation, and the passage of armies.

46. How did the cities of the Malabar Coast duplicate Gujarat's importance in trade and manufacturing?

Cities of The Malabar coast duplicated Gujarat's importance in trade and manufacturing because they locally made cotton textiles, locally grown grain, species, and as clearing-houses for the long-distance trade.

34. Define Timur.

Commander of Jagdai forces who launched campaigns into western Eurasia, seeing himself as a new Genghis Khan.

12. Discuss the importance of Copper to Africa.

Copper was important because copper was a form of currency (instead of coins), wire, decorative objects, and art.

66. What are Cottage Industries?

Cottage industries are where people lived and performed work in, such as;cultivating mulberry trees, and cotton using dams, water wheels, and irrigation systems.

9. Define Delhi Sultanate.

Delhi Sultanate was an agricultural civilization that heavily relied on its reservoirs to provide drinking water to its people and plants also introduced a knew water control system.

36. Discuss the cultural flowering of the Il-khans and the Timurids.

Due to the artistic trends, administrative practices, and political ideas between Iran and China, caused the cultural flowering of Il-khans and Timurids.

54. Once Europeans got over their terror of Mongols what did they learn from them?

Europeans learned about diplomatic passports, coal mining, movable type, high-temperature metallurgy, higher mathematics, gunpowder, and in the 14th century, the casting and use of bronze cannons.

82. Discuss how the Mongols brought Korea out of its isolation from the rest of Asia.

Even after the Mongols conquered Korea, they still strengthened interest in Korea's own language and history.

27. How did Firuz Shah alienate Hindus?

Firuz Shah alienated Hindus by taxing the Brahmins and preferring to cultivate good relations with Muslim elites.

52. Discuss the significance of Frederick II.

Frederick II appreciated the Muslim culture and didn't back down from negotiations, he regain Jerusalem through a treaty with the Mamluk sultan in Egypt.

8. Discuss Genghis Khan's conquests.

Genghis Khan convinced the kingdoms of Eurasia to pay tribute, forced Tanggut rulers to submit, captured the Jin capital of Yanjing, began a full scale invasion of a central Asian state centered on Khwarezm, and overwhelmed most of Iran.

2. Define Genghis Khan.

Genghis Khan was a supreme leader of the Mongols

33. What were the many economic problems that faced Ghazan and the Il-Khanate?

Ghazan promised to reduce taxes, but it didn't last long due to the need for revenue. He had no exposure to paper money, causing the Il-Khan's subjects to respond negatively. Economy quickly sank, and high taxes caused widespread popular unrest and resentment.

27. Define Golden Horde.

Golden Horde are the Mongols who conquered south Russia and settled north of the caspian sea, and established the capital of their Khanate

39. Define Great Zimbabwe.

Great Zimbabwe was basically a powerful state many of Zimbabwe's gold passed or came from great Zimbabwe they would normally export a ton of gold a year.

44. How did Gujarat derive much of its wealth?

Gujarat derives much of its wealth from exports of cotton textiles and Indigo to the Middle East and Europe, largely in return for gold and silver.

45. Discuss the importance of Gujarat's textile industries.

Gujarat's textile industry matched cities in Flanders and north India in the size, skill, and diversity of its textile industries. Basically provided many different countries with textiles that were valuable.

48. How do historians view the Mongol impact on Russia?

Historians debate the impact, some see the destructiveness and subsequent domination as isolating Russia, others point out Kiev declined economically well before the Mongols struck.

72. Who was Hongwu and what was his significance?

Hongwu was Zhu Yuanzhang (personal name) and his significance was being the first emperor (founder) of the Ming Dynasty. - Jason

10. Who was Hulegu Khan?

Hulegu is one of the grandsons of Genghis Khan.

42. How did Ibn Battuta describe Aden?

Iban Battuta Commented that Aden has great wealth. Which included a story of a slave being freed because a slave of one merchant paid 400 dinars for a ram in order to keep the slave of another merchant from buying it. The master freed him as a reward for outdoing his rival.

61. What shocked Ibn Battuta about Muslim women in Mali? What is this an example of?

Ibn Battuat was shocked to find that women in Mali did not completely cover their bodies and veil their faces when appearing in public. Ibna Battuta was shocked at this laxity. This revealed the patriarchal precepts that were dear to most Elite Muslims.

38. How did Ibn Battuta describe the Swahili Coast?

Ibn Battuta described the Swahili coast as the most important commercial center

18. Why did Ibn Battuta have high praise for Mali's government?

Ibn Battuta had high praise for Mali's government because he wrote people should not be worried about being robbed or robbed of their valuables after they have passed. As well as praising the Malinians for their faithful recitations of Islamic prayers and for their zealin teaching children the Quran.

1. Define Ibn Battuta and discuss his impact on the Islamic World and World History.

Ibn Battuta was a young scholar from Morroco who set out to explore the Islamic world. He was important in the Islamic world because he documented different empires that believed in Islam the added critique or praise for different things like inventions or how heavy they believed in Islam. The impacted World History documented what he saw during his travels and we know what religion, economy, agriculture, etc. That they had.

26. Discuss the importance of the Sultan Muhammad ibn Tughluq.

Ibn Tughluq was also a ruthless conqueror but participated Hindu religious festivals to appeal to the Hindus. But he aggressively expanded his empire which grew his power as Sultan. He also wanted to win the hearts by religious toleration.

26. Define Il-Khan state.

Il-Khan state was established by Hulegu, and controlled different parts of the empire.

31. Discuss the role of Ghazan and integrating Islam into the Mongol world.

Il-Khans did not pay much attention to theological matters.

13. Discuss how gold was traded throughout the tropics.

Indians traded gold to southeast Asia and Africa for jewelry and temple decorations.

2. What united the diverse peoples of Africa and Southeast Asia?

Islam and different environmental changes of the tropics\ United the diverse people's of Africa and southeast Asia

29. When did Islam become a point of inter-Mongol tension?

Islam became a point of inter-Mongol tension when Batu's successor declared himself a muslim.

54. How did Islam spread if it was not imposed on people by Islamic rulers? Give examples.

Islam spread by example and persuasion by merchents and Suifs provided a more effective way of making convets.Also many Muslims were active missionaries for their faith and worked hard to persuade others off its superiority. Also Islam was spread along regional trade routs from Swahili cost, in the Suda, in costal India and souther Asia. Also commercial transactions could take place between people of different religions. Etc

15. How did Islam across the Sahara to Mali, Ghana, and the Sudan?

Islam spread to the south of the Sahara by gradual and peaceful conversion. Sudan and East Africa were told about Islam by Commerical contacts/trade. Also, the rulers of the Mali empire were Muslims who spread Islam to the rest of the world.

50. Who was Ivan III?

Ivan III was the prince of Moscow, establishing himself as an autocratic ruler in the late 1400s

92. Discuss the trade between Japan, China, and Korea.

Japan exported raw materials as well as folding fans and swords, Japan's primary imports from China were books and porcelain

90. Discuss the Japanese coastal defenses.

Japan rebuilt coastal defenses into the 14th century, helping to consolidate the social position of Japan's warrior elite and simulating the development of a national infrastructure for trade and communications.

34. Define Junk.

Junks are basically ships that were made from heavy spruce or fir planks held together by enormous nails. There were watertight compartments to minimize floodings in case of the ship's hull. Very large Junks could hold a lot of people and supplies the largest could carry over 1,000 tons.

37. Who was Juvaini and what were his accomplishments?

Juvaini was a literary figure who noted Genghis' Khan deathbed speech. Juvaini combined a florid style with historical objectivity, often criticized the Mongols, and served as an inspiration for Rashid al-Din.

25. Define Khanate.

Khanate is a state that is ruled by a khan.

57. In what ways was Khublai Khan influenced by the Chinese?

Khubilai (Kublai) Khan was influenced in ways such as; Capital featured massive Chinese-style walls of rammed earth, established The Forbidden City, and even had II-khans import scholars and texts that helped them understand Chinese, technological advances like stabilizing sighting tubes for precisely noting the positions of astronomical objects, techniques for measuring, mechanically driven armillary spheres that showed how the sun, moon, and planets moved in relation to one another.

61. How did Khubilai view Confucians?

Khubilai viewed Confucians (in government) as people with their position poorly compared with their status as elite officeholders in pre-Mongol times.

15. Who was Khublai Khan?

Khublai was a khan who was hated, he also declared himself as the founder of Yuan Empire.

12. Name the 4 different Mongol khanates and the areas that each controlled?

Kipchak controlled Russia, Timur controlled central Asia, Il-Khan controlled parts of Armenia, all of Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran.

49. Discuss the various products that each of the following regions provided for the Indian Ocean Trade: Swahili Coast City States, Great Zimbabwe, Aden, Gujarat and the Malabar Coast, and Malacca.

Malacca was basically a certain place of trade. Many different civilizations came and met here as well as spoke many different languages(84 to be specific). The Malabar coasts provided locally made cotton textiles, locally grown grain, and spices. Gujarat provided cotton textiles and indigo. Aden provided grain. Great Zimbabwe provided copper ingots, salt, local manufactures from the upper Zambezi river, and of course gold being exported into the Indian ocean. Swahili Coast city-states caught the attention of Arab and Iranian merchants by gold. The state exported a ton of gold! Or millions of dollars.

48. Define Malacca.

Malacca was once just a fishing village in the narrowest part of the strait but soon turned into an important port by means of a series of astute alliances.

17. Define Mansa Kankan Musa.

Mansa Kankan Musa was basically a show off because he had a large entourage to Mecca because he was a devout Muslim. He had eighty packages of gold each weighing 122 ounces or 3.8 kilograms. (or a little over 8 pounds of gold!! In today's money that is 179,136 dollars!) even the 300 slaves had gold staffs.

30. How did Christians become involved in the Islam-Mongol dissention?

Many Christian Crusaders enlisted in the Il-Khans effort.

7. What were the Mongol views on religion in general?

Mongols believed in world rulership by a khan who could speak to and for an ultimate god.

60. Discuss the social system of Yuan China.

Mongols had the highest social ranking, then below them came, in order, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, then northern Chinese, and finally southern Chinese.

28. What horrified Muslims on how Mongols slaughtered animals.

Mongols slaughtered animals without spilling blood, involving opening the chest and stopping the heart.

19. Discuss Mongol tactics and the main reasons for their military successes.

Mongols used superior bows and rarely expended 5 dozen arrows, then used calvary to infiltrate, used flaming arrows and objects to destroy fortifications. Cities that resisted faced mass slaughter, those who surrendered in time were rewarded with protection, food, and shelter, this made it easier for cities to surrender.

1. Define Mongols.

Mongols was an empire of Genghis Khan that dominated West Eurasia and China from 1218 to 1368, Mongols were also known as the agents of death.

4. Define Monsoons.

Monsoons are changes in the season to the tropics by altering winds because from December to January large high-pressure zones over north Africa and Arabia produce a southward movement that limits inland penetration of the moist ocean winds.

51. Discuss how mosques, churches and temples were centers of education, not just prayer.

Muslims promoted literacy among there sons and daughters occasionally so they could read the religions classic texts.In Sub Saharan Africa the spread of Islam was associated with the spread of litearcy.

39. Who was Nasir al-Din and what were his accomplishments?

Nasir al-Din was a Shi'ite scholar, he made outstanding contributions in mathematics and cosmology. He laid new foundations for algebra and trigonometry.

3. Define Nomadism.

Nomadism is a way of life where one doesn't live in the same place.

9. Who was Ogodei Khan?

Ogodei is the son and successor of Genghis Khan.

11. Who was Batu Khan?

One of Genghis' grandsons that attacked russian territories

47. How was piracy destroyed in Southeast Asia?

Piracy was destroyed in Southeast Asia in 1407 a fleet sent by the Chinese government smashed the pirates' power and took their chief back to China for trial.

81. Discuss the Ming achievements in literature and porcelain. Give specific examples.

Porcelain was one of the Ming's best-known technological advances. "Ming ware" is an example of Ming porcelain. The Ming dynasty's literature flourished under the Yuan dynasty's literature of plain writing, which originated in the harsh drum-song performances loosely related to Chinese opera.

79. What impact did the population growth under the Ming have on China?

Rapid population growth under the Ming encouraged the production of staples - wheat, millet, and barley in the north and rice in the south. Population growth in southern and central China caused deforestation and raised the price of wood.

38. Who was Rashid al-Din and what were his accomplishments?

Rashid al-Din was Ghazan's prime minister, he traveled widely and with administrators from other parts of the far-flung Mongol dominion. His work included the earliest known general history of Europe.

24. Discuss Raziya and her clash with Muslim culture. Explain her story.

Raziya was declared queen by her father because both of her brothers were unfit to rule but she was. Her rain only lasted 4 years not because she wasn't because she didn't know how to rule but by her gender. She was later captured by the Turkish chiefs who imprisoned her even though she was able to escape she was killed by a robber.

6. What is shamanism?

Shamanism is rituals where special individuals visit and influence the supernatural world.

56. Discuss the rise of Slavery in the Tropics. What was the reason for so many slaves?

Slavery in the tropics was huge because many leadesr controlled thousands of slaves by one person Also slavery was a gifts. Also slaves where valuable comodities because they where traded to the Andens and other places trained for labor or specialized tasks. The reason for so many slaves where because their where many elites because a significant growth of slavery accompained the rising prosperity of Elites. Also Islamics reduced hundreds of thousands of Hindu "infidels" (people who don't believe in religion)

6. Discuss how various peoples such as the Pygmy, Somali, Fulani, Africans in general, Indians, and Bantu Speaking farmers all made use of plants, animals, and other resources to survive in the Tropics. (This is a long questions under the sub section Human Ecosystems).

Some civilizations decided to hunt and gather their food like the pygmy While other civilizations relied on major rivers or lakes for food also these civilizations would trade with others because they had experience with boats. While other civilizations were pastoralists they would do this because their ecosystem had minimal rainfall these pastoralists would use the knowledge they have to find grazing lands or water for their herds. They also traded hides and meats to neighboring farmers for grain or vegetables. As well as some civilizations relied on agriculture.

91. Define Ashikaga Shogunate.

Someone who took control at the imperial center of Kyoto with the Mongol threat warning.

25. Discuss the importance of the Sultan Ala-ud-din Khalji.

Sultan Ala-ud-din Khalji was a conqueror; he was a ruthless but efficient ruler who was able to increase his control over the empire's outlying provinces. He was a wealthy ruler because high taxes kept his treasury full and successful frontier raids. He was also able to maintain a large army at a low cost through wage and price control. Once a monogal threat wasn't a threat he extended his empire by seizing a very rich trading city named Gujarat and also controlling the southern tip of the Indian peninsula

22. Discuss the importance of the Sultan Iltutmish?

Sultan Ittutmish was a conqueror who conquered northern India in a series of military expeditions which made his empire the largest state in India. He also secured official recognition of the Dehli Sultanate as a Muslim state by the caliph of Baghdad.

58. Define Lamas.

Teachings of Buddhist priests from Tibet are called lamas.

30. Why was the Delhi Sultanate important in the development of centralized political authority in India?

The Delhi Sultanate was important in the development of centralized political authority because it established a bureaucracy headed by the Sultan, who was aided by a prime minister and provincial governments.

20. Discuss the importance of the Hausa city-states.

The Hausa city-states were important because the city-state was important manufacturing and trading center.

23. Why did Hindus never forget the Muslim invasion of India?

The Hindus never forgot the Muslim invasion of India because the Muslim invaders were ruthless (by killing many different people), stealing many different things, enslaving some, and destroying a lot of things.

32. Why did Indian Ocean trade assume greater strategic importance in tying the peoples of Eurasia and Africa together?

The Indian Ocean trade summed greater strategic importance in tying the people of Eurasia and Africa because the collapse of the Mongol empire disrupted overland trade. Also, the Indian Ocean Trade had grown off luxuries of wealth precious metals and jewelry, rare spices, fine textine, and other manufactured goods. Basically allowed many different places to get rare or luxury goods.

55. What did Islam do to Buddhism in India?

The Islam invaders overran the great Buddhist center of study at Nalanda in Bahir they burned masnuscripts and killed thousands of monks or driving them to exile to Nepal and Tibet.

70. Define Ming Empire.

The Ming Empire succeeded the fallen Yuan Dynasty, and the Ming was ruled by Zhu Yuanzhang.

73. Discuss how the Ming changed many of the previous Mongol policies in China?

The Ming closed off relations with Central Asia, and the Middle East fostered by the Mongols and imposed strict limits on imports and foreign visitors. They also replaced paper money for silver for tax payments and commerce.

77. Why did the Ming not build upon Zheng He's voyages?

The Ming didn't build upon Zheng He's voyages because contemporaries considered Zheng He's voyages to be a personal project of Yongle.

78. Why did the Ming government limit mining?

The Ming government limited mining in order to reinforce the value of metal coins and partly to control and tax the industry.

21. Despite being known as horse archers, how did the Mongols penetrate fortifications?

The Mongols used flaming arrows and enormous objects to penetrate the fortifications.

49. Prior to the Mongols why was Russia so connected to the Byzantine Empire?

The Orthodox Church oriented Russia toward the Byzantine Empire.

56. Define Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire was the former Turkish Empire in Europe, Asia, and Africa, which lasted from the late 13th century until the end of World War 1. This empire lasted for 600 years.

5. What areas of the tropics have very little rainfall?

The Sahara desert, Arabia, and northwest India have very little rainfall.

55. Who was Stephen Dushan?

The Siberian king who proved to be the most effective leader.

36. Discuss the importance of the Strait of Malacca.

The Strait of Malacca was important because it was the meeting point of trade from southeast Asia, China, and the Indian ocean. In each region certain ports function as giant emporia, consolidating goods from smaller ports and inland areas of transport across the seas.

16. Discuss the importance of Sundiata.

The Sundiata created Mali by a battle that was won. The Mali empire was a very large and controlled core trading area of the upper Niger but also gold fields too. Also, its rulers were Muslims which spread Islam even further. Also controlled important gold and copper trade routes.

37. Define Swahili Coast City States.

The Swahili coastal cities where once poor cities but the expansion of trade on the Easter African coast led the city-states to have more wealth.

53. Who were the Teutonic Knights and what was their goal?

The Teutonic Knights were like the Crusader Knights, their goal was to Christianize the Slavic and Kipchak populations of Northern Europe.

28. Despite being a minority, how did the Turkish Muslims of the Delhi Sultanate maintain their control over their Hindu population?

The Turkish Muslims even though being the minority of India were able to control their Hindu population by terror, harsh military reprisals out of rebellion, an on pilage, and high taxes to sustain the ruling elite in luxury and power.

52. Define Urdu.

The Urdu was a Persian influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters

83. Define Yi.

The Yi dynasty was a kingdom with a capital in Seoul and sought to reestablish a local identity. The Yi government employed Mongol-style land surveys, taxation in kind, and military garrison techniques despite the Yi regime publicly rejecting the period of the Mongol domination. The Yi Kings also revived the study of the Confucian classics like the Ming emperors.

69. Why did the Yuan Dynasty collapse?

The Yuan Dynasty collapsed due to power contests breaking among the Mongol princes. Within twenty years, farmer rebellions and feuds among the Mongols engulfed the land. A Chinese leader, Zhu Yuanzhang created a campaign to destroy the Yuan Empire, bringing China under control of his new empire.

16. Define Yuan Empire(Dynasty).

The Yuan Empire, founded by Khublai Khan, was an mongol-led imperial of China.

20. Discuss the significance of the battle of Ain Jalut.

The battle of Ain Jalut showed that other cities had similar tactics to the Mongols.

10. How did the complex irrigation systems of Ceylon and Cambodia fall into disrepair?

The complex irrigation system of Ceylon fell into ruins when invaders from south India disrupted the Shinhales government. While the Complex irrigation system of Cambodia fell because the government that maintained it collapsed.

65. Why did the countryside do poorly in the Mongol period?

The countryside did poorly in the Mongol period because the Mongol princes evicted many farmers and subjected the rest to brutal tax collection.

68. Discuss the cultural and scientific exchange between China and the Muslim world under the Mongols. (THIS IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT)

The cultural and scientific exchange between China and Muslims included many things; The Chinese painters taught Iranian artists new appealing ways of drawing clouds, rocks, and trees. Muslim and Persian doctors brought medical texts - particularly in anatomy, pharmacology, and ophthalmology - that circulated in China during the Yuan. Due to Khubilai suffering from alcoholism and gout, he gave the Muslim and Persian doctors high status. New seeds and formulas from the Middle East stimulated medical practice. The traditional Chinese study of herbs, drugs, and potions came in for renewed interest and publication.

29. Discuss the decline of the Delhi Sultanate and especially who ended the empire.

The decline of the Delhi sultanate was by personal and religious rivalries within the Muslim elite, as well as the discontent of the Hindus threatened the decline of Delhi. The people who ended the Delhi Sultanate were Muslim Nobels who challenged the sultan's domination and successfully established the Bahmi Kingdom.

14. Why did family unity begin to unravel after the death of Ogodei Khan?

The descendants of Jagadai and other branches of the family refused to accept Khubilai as the great khan.

40. What was the economic base of Great Zimbabwe and how did they gain most of their wealth?

The economy of Great Zimbabwe was long-distance trade They gained most of their wealth by trade because they would trade regionally like copper ingots, salt, and local manufactures from the upper Zambezi river. Then gold was exported into the Indian ocean.

19. How did the empire of Mali collapse?

The empire of Mali collapsed because Mansa Suleiman's successor proved to be unfit to be ruler which caused a rebellion. As well as the desert Taureg retook Timbuktu.

7. What does extensive style of agriculture mean?

The extensive style of agriculture was basically the slash and burn method every few years to fertilize their lands/farms. This helped land that was not naturally fertilized to become fertile. In other places, the farmers would rely on annual floods that naturally fertilized the land.

86. Discuss the Mongol invasions of Japan and why they were not successful?

The first invasion in 1274 consisted of 34,000 men, including Mongol cavalry and archers and sailors from Korea and northeastern Asia. Mongols successfully defeated Japanese cavalry, however a storm prevented them from landing and forced them to sail back to Korea. The second in 1281, they brought 140,000 men, however the wall the Japanese built to cut off Hakata Bay deprived Mongol forces of a landing point, Japanese swordsmen boarded the ship, after a while a typhoon struck and sank about half of Mongol ships.

32. Discuss the policy of tax farming. (EXTREMELY IMPORTANT)

The government sold tax-collecting contracts to small partnerships, the corporations that offered to collect the most revenue for the government won the contracts. They can use any method they want and could keep anything over the contracted amount.

13. What event saved Europe from being completely conquered by the Mongols?

The great pandemic, typhus, influenza, smallpox, and bubonic plague inflicted the Mongols in war.

87. How did the Mongol invasions hasten social and political changes under the Kamakura Shogunate?

The invasion deeply impressed Japan's leaders.

14. Define Mali.

The mali empire was a very impressive empire it controlled many trade routes that contained many valuable resources. Also, the Mali empire continued the spread of Islam because its leaders were Muslims but not foreign Muslims but an Indigenous African dynasty that accept Islam. Mali was a very large and rich empire.

62. What privileges and prestige did merchants enjoy?

The merchants enjoyed privileges and prestige such as having gentry families chose commerce, despite lower prestige. Their privileges and prestige changed urban life and the economy.

11. What was the most abundant and useful metal in the tropics and how was it used?

The most abundant and useful metal of the tropics was iron; it was used as agricultural tools (metal hoes, and knives) or as military tools (iron-tipped spears and arrows). Also used as nails. (to hold timber together)

67. Why did the population of China shrink under Mongol rule?

The population of China shrunk under Mongol rule to reasons believed to be; prolonged warfare, privations in the countryside causing people to resort to female infanticide, a southward movement of people fleeing the Mongols, and flooding on the Yellow River.

58. How did the position of Hindu women improve overall?

The position of Hindu women improver overall because of Hindu legal digest and commentaries

31. Why did Indian Ocean Trade expand after 1200?

The rising prosperity of Asian, European, and African states simulated the expansion of trade in the Indian ocean.

80. Discuss the technology gap between China, Korea, and Japan.

The technology gap between China, Korea, and Japan - superior steel came from Japan, Korea moved ahead of China in the design and production of firearms and ships, in printing techniques, and in the sciences of weather prediction and calendar making.

18. Despite all of their success, what Mongol invasions failed?

The two invasions in 1274 and 1281 on Japan failed. The Mongols lost the battle of Ain Jalut.

8. Discuss the uneven distribution of rainfall that challenged many Asian farmers.

The uneven distribution of rainfall was an obstacle for many Asian farmers because it risked the crop's death but even though this was an obstacle the Asian farmers constructed special water control systems to irrigate their terraced rice paddies.

89. What Japanese technology greatly impressed the Mongols?

Their superb steel swords shocked the Mongols

44. How did the Mongols facilitate their control of Russia?

They granted privileges to the othrodox Church, which then helped reconcile the Russian people to their distant master.

85. Why did the Yi navy become such a formidable defensive force?

They mounted cannons on ships that patrolled against pirates and used gunpowder-driven enemy personnel and the rigging of enemy ships.

40. What were Islamic scholars able to preserve and elaborate on during Mongol rule?

They preserved and elaborted on the insight of the Greeks in astronomy and mathematics and adpoted the cosmological model of ptomely

96. What Chinese influences were there in Vietnam?

They relied heavily on Confucian bureaucratic government and examination system.

43. How was the Golden Horde established?

They where established by Genghis's grandson after his defeat of a combined Russian and Kipcak army.

53. Define Timbuktu.

Timbuktu was a Religious educational center because 150 Quadratic schools were located here and advanced classes were held in mosques. Also Timbuktu was a place where books were valuable.

35. Who were the Timurids?

Timurids were descendants of Timur who could not hold the empire together

45. What did the Golden Horde enlist Russian princes to do?

To act as their agents, primarily as tax collectors and census takers

22. Discuss the impact on trade under Mongol domination. (THIS IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ALL OF THE CONQUESTS).

Traders from all over Eurasia enjoyed the benefits of the mongol control. Mongols also brought new styles and huge quantities of silk.

3. Define Tropics.

Tropics are warm year round there are no cool or hot seasons only dry and wet seasons caused by changes in wind patterns across the surrounding oceans. The tropics are hot because of the angle of the axis the sun's rays warm the tropics/ exposed to more sun.

51. Define Tsar.

Tsar is a title that originated from Byzantine, it is only applied to foreign rulers.

64. How did city life change in China under the Mongols?

Under the Mongols, city life in China changed in numerous ways such as;Having specialized shops (these shops had gentry families come from the countryside into the urban life), and the increasing influence of northern, Mongolian-influenced Chinese language (often called Mandarin in the west) resulted in lasting linguistic change.

84. Discuss the various technological and intellectual achievements of Korea under the Yi Dynasty.

Under the Yi Dynasty, printing technology advanced.

46. Define Alexander Nevski.

Was the prince of Novgorod who persuaded other princes to submit to the mongols in return, The Mongols favored both novgorod and Moscow

35. What does it mean when the Indian Ocean trade was decentralized and cooperative?

What it means is that the Indian Ocean trade was more Commercial interest, rather than political authorities, tied several distinct regional networks together. Basically, other countries/ empires would supply each other with resources.

88. Define Kamikaze.

Wind of the gods

57. What were women slaves primarily used for?

Woman slaves where primarily used as entertainers, household servants, concubines, and the less fortunate woman worked in the mines of Mali these mines where hard minal works.

60. What were the main jobs of women in the tropics?

Women did much of the farmwork. They tilted home heavy loads of food,firewood, and water for cooking, and balanced certain things on their heads. Other Jobs were making clay pots for cooking and as storages and making clothes. Also they would sell a wide variety of products.

5. Discuss the role of women in Mongol culture.

Women from prestigious families could wield power in negotiation and management.

74. Define Yongle.

Yongle (personal name - Zhu Di) was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. While he was an imperial prince, he seized power through a coup d'etat - (overthrowing the government) and ruled the Ming dynasty as Yongle.

93. Discuss the significance of the shogun Yoshimasa.

Yoshimasa helped promote one of Japan's greatest cultural eras.

17. Who was responsible for destroying the Song Dynasty?

Yuan Empire/Khublai Khan is responsible for destroying the Song Dynasty

75. Define Zheng He.

Zheng He was a trusted eunuch, who had great knowledge of the Middle East; and his religion eased relations with the states of the Indian subcontinent, where he directed his first three voyages.

76. Discuss Zheng He voyages.

Zheng He's voyages were trade expeditions, hoping to gain prestige and respect. Zheng He set 7 voyages in total.

71. Who founded the Ming Empire and how did he do it?

Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Empire by vanquishing his rival rebels and assumed imperial power under the name Hongwu. - Jason

Chapter 13 questions ahead

good luck:)