chapter 12
Which of the following is a characteristic and a benefit of probation? Select all that apply. 1. Judges are the only individuals in the criminal justice system to award probation. 2. Probation is only available to offenders with misdemeanors. 3. Probation sentences for adult offenders have no time limit. 4. Probation gives offenders an opportunity to be closely supervised by trained personnel who can help them engage in proper behavior in the community.
1 and 4
In what ways are intermediate sanctions applied? Select all that apply. 1. When an offender commits another crime 2. When an offender is placed on probation and given the rules of probation 3. After an offender successfully completes an imposed intermediate sanction, and they can be assigned another one 4. When an offender requests a modification of their probation rules
1,2
What is a suspended sentence? a. A prison term that is delayed while the defendant undergoes a period of community treatment b. A sentence that is not imposed because of appeals c. A sentence that is not imposed because of judicial misconduct d. A probationary period that is delayed because of time served in community treatment
a
What is risk classification? a. The process through which probationers are classified b. The assessment of a convict's likely recidivism c. The assessment of a prisoner's violent behavior d. The process through which parolees are classified
a
What is the name of the person who is credited with originating the modern probation concept? a. John Augustus b. Christopher Krebs c. Tyson Timbs d. Sir Robert Peel
a
What do day fees refer to? a. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment b. The overall daily cost savings of using probation rather than prison sentences c. The daily fee imposed by prisons on taxpayers, based on their inmate population d. The cost of running drug treatment programs, paid for by the state
a
What is the term used to describe the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court for a specified period of time? a. Probation b. Parole c. Nolo contendere d. Suspended sentence
a
Which intermediate sanction requires the offender to pay for damages inflicted on the victim? a. Restitution b. Day fees c. Fines d. Community service
a
Which of the following are the reasons for this criticism? Select all that apply. 1. An offender who can afford to pay the total amount of their fine immediately does not have to pay supervision fees. 2. Because supervision fees have no upward limit and because probation in pay-only cases generally ends once all debts to the court are settled, the fees accumulate into higher totals for offenders who need more time to pay down their fines. 3. Because supervision fees are set as a flat monthly rate, they consume a larger proportion of an offender's monthly payment if that offender can only afford to pay relatively small amounts. 4. An offender who can afford the total amount of their fine immediately will receive a shorter sentence and thus have to pay fewer fees overall.
1,2,3
Identify all the programs below that are included as intermediate sanctions. Select all that apply. 1. Shock or split probation 2. Intensive probation supervision 3. Parole release 4. Residential community corrections
1,2,4
Which of the following are duties of a probation officer? Select all that apply. 1. Conduct a presentence investigation. 2. Determine a diagnosis. 3. Directly supervise all treatment plans. 4. Conduct intake interviews.
1,2,4
Which of the following statements reflect today's philosophy regarding probation? Select all that apply. 1. The typical offender is not a "menace to society." 2. The typical offender is not a dangerous criminal. 3. If an offender doesn't want to reform, probation won't help. 4. The offender has made a mistake and has the potential to reform.
1,2,4
A judge can limit a probationer's access to the Internet as a condition of their probation. Identify all the Internet web locations that a person's conditions of probation may prohibit them from accessing. Select all that apply. 1. Chat rooms 2. Websites related to religion 3. Purchasing of drug via the web 4. Pornographic websites
1,3,4
Private probation services have been utilized in several parts of the United States. Identify all of the services below that private probation services can provide. Select all that apply. 1. Probation supervision 2. Polygraph testing 3. Electronic monitoring (house arrest) 4. Alcohol Breathalyzer testing
1,3,4
Which of the following are examples of acceptable probation rules? Select all that apply. 1. The offender must not associate with individuals who encourage criminal behavior. 2. The offender must find employment within 48 hours of release into the community. 3. The offender must engage in a mental health evaluation with a certified clinician. 4. The offender must take a random weekly drug test.
1,3,4
Which of the following are examples of intermediate sanctions? Select all that apply. 1. Paying restitution 2. Probation 3. A short prison sentence 4. House arrest with a community service requirement
1,4
Identify the guiding principles in most restorative justice programs. Select all that apply. 1. An opportunity to make the offender feel better about having committed the crime 2. A commitment to both material reparation (such as monetary restitution) and symbolic reparation (such as an apology) 3. Recognition by offenders that they have caused injury to personal and social relations and a determination and acceptance of responsibility 4. A plan to ensure that all parties feel good about the crime after using the restorative program
2,3
Which of the following are arguments that support community sentences rather than traditional sentencing? Select all that apply. 1. They feature punishment rather than restoration and reintegration. 2. They are less costly than a sentence to jail or prison. 3. They help the offender maintain family and community ties. 4. They cannot be structured to maximize security and maintain public safety.
2,3
Hawaii's HOPE Program, which is geared toward drug offenders, is designed to keep people on probation by threatening them at a formal warning hearing with "swift and certain" punishment, rather than severe sanctions, for violating the terms of probation. Which of the following characteristics makes this program different from other programs? Select all that apply. 1. HOPE never requires that a probationer be mandated into a residential treatment program. 2. HOPE requires probationers to appear before a judge only when a violation is detected. 3. HOPE focuses on reducing drug use and missed appointments. 4. HOPE allows probationers who are employed to serve any jail time on weekends.
2,3,4
Identify all of the following sanctions that are accepted forms of restitution? Select all that apply. 1. Monetary restitution is the only accepted form of restitution. 2. Community service 3. Shock probation and split sentencing 4. Monetary
2,3,4
What does the future of probation look like? Select all that apply. 1. Probation will not be available to felony offenders. 2. It will probably remain the most popular alternative sentencing option. 3. It is becoming extinct as the public's demand for incarceration is increasing. 4. There is a trend that probationers pay day fees for the cost of their community supervision.
2,4
Which 1983 Supreme Court case decided that it is unconstitutional to jail someone for failing to pay a fine? a. Griffin v. Wisconsin b. Bearden v. Georgia c. Minnesota v. Murphy d. United States v. Knights (2001)
b
How do probation officers assist people who have been found guilty of crimes and sentenced to probation? a. Probation officers conduct surveillance and make arrests if their client engages in criminal activity. b. Probation officers create treatment and supervisory plans to help their clients successfully complete their probation. c. Probation officers determine whether people on probation are sentenced to incarceration if they violate the terms of their conditional release. d. Probation officers determine the amount of time that convicted offenders must be on probation (i.e., the length of the sentence).
b
What is the main philosophy that supports the use of restorative justice in the criminal justice system? a. Restorative justice is used successfully in school environments. b. Restorative justice programs stress healing and redemption instead of punishment and deterrence. c. Restorative justice uses sentencing circles for criminal offenders. d. Restorative justice is another effective form of shock probation.
b
What is the term used to define the group of punishments that fall between probation and prison? a. Community service orders b. Intermediate sanctions c. Post-trial induction d. Preliminary sanctions
b
What is the term used to describe the act of terminating a community sentence of probation and enforcing the original sentence of incarceration? a. Restorative justice b. Revocation c. Recognizance d. Judicial reprieve
b
If an offender is sentenced to cleaning up a public park or helping disabled children, this would be considered which type of alternative sanction? a. Shock probation b. Reintegration c. Community service restitution d. Monetary restitution
c
James Abernathy robbed a grocery store a few blocks from his house. After he was convicted of the crime, the owner of the store, the clerk working at the time of the robbery, Mr. Abernathy, and members of the city council all met to determine Mr. Abernathy's sanction. What is this type of group meeting called? a. Brainstorming groups b. Split sentencing circle c. A sentencing circle d. A parole board hearing
c
What common-law practice, used by judges in the Middle Ages, allowed for the suspension of punishment so that convicted offenders could seek a pardon, gather new evidence, or demonstrate that they had reformed their behavior? a. Judicial review b. Judicial recognizance c. Judicial reprieve d. Judicial favor
c
What is the purpose of a risk classification assessment? a. It is used to protect the probation department from civil liability. b. It is the testing instrument used to craft a treatment plan. c. It is used to determine the level of supervision a probationer will require in the community. d. It is used to assist in the intake process.
c
What is the term for the seizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty? a. A fine b. A lien c. A forfeiture d. Restitution
c
Which individual is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a probation office? a. Superintendent b. The state department director c. Chief Probation Officer d. The presiding judge
c
Which term describes when the offender does not meet the requirements of their probation and the court imposes a prison sentence? a. Judicial reprieve b. Suspended sentence c. Revocation d. Recognizance
c
A daily task of probation officers is to provide assistance in cases in which people have been charged with crimes but have not yet been convicted of those crimes. How do they do this? a. Probation officers determine whether people who have been accused of crimes will be detained in jail prior to their criminal trial. b. Probation officers represent and defend people who have been accused of crimes. c. Probation officers collect evidence to prove that people who have been accused of crimes are guilty of committing those crimes. d. Probation officers complete comprehensive reports that assist judges in choosing the proper punishment/sentence should the accused person be convicted.
d
Identify the Supreme Court case that ruled that the "probation officer-client relationship" is not confidential, as physician-patient or attorney-client relationships are. a. Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987) b. United States v. Knights (2001) c. Beardon v. Georgia (1983) d. Minnesota v. Murphy (1984)
d
What is restorative justice? a. A view of criminal justice that focuses on the efficiency of law enforcement b. A view of criminal justice that focuses on punishment rather than reform c. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as a by-product of poverty and marginalization d. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
d
What is the role of probation officers when a convicted offender has been sentenced to probation? a. Probation officers supervise convicted offenders who have been sentenced to jail. b. Probation officers supervise convicted offenders who have been sentenced to death (capital punishment). c. Probation officers supervise convicted offenders who have been sentenced to prison. d. Probation officers supervise convicted offenders who are serving their sentence within the community.
d
What is the term used for a condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of a crime for the trouble the offender caused? a. Day fees b. Court costs c. Maintenance fees d. Restitution
d
