chapter 12 and 13
Maurice de Sully
"Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris France - OLDEST CATHEDRAL IN FRANCE-EARLY GOTHIC"
Gargoyles
Grotesque flying statues at the roof of a church or cathedral, used as rain spouts.
Fan Vaults
In English Perpendicular Gothic buildings, vaults with ribs having the same curvature and radiating or fanning out from the springing of the vault.
12.12: The Stavelot Triptych, c. 1156-1158
In northern Europe, the Abbot Wiebald of the imperial Benedictine abbey at Stavelot, located in the Meuse River region in modern Belgium, commissioned a spectacular reliquary to house relics of the Cross (fig. 12.12)
The term Romanesque means "Roman-like." What characteristics does this style share with Roman Architecture?
It is a stylistic rather than a historical term, intended to describe medieval art that shares with ancient Roman architecture such features as round arches, stone vaults, thick walls, and exterior relief sculpture
Which is NOT true of the Stavelot reliquary?A)It is a triptych.B)It illustrates scenes from the Legend of the True Cross.C)It is located in Holland.D)It attracted pilgrims to Belgium.E)It was believed to contain the head of a nail used in the Crucifixion.
It is located in Holland.
13.10-19: Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1134
Its cathedral (fig. 13.10) combines the best-preserved Early Gothic architecture with High Gothic, as well as demonstrating the transitional developments in between. For a town like Chartres, with only about ten thousand inhabitants in the thirteenth century, the building of a cathedral dominated the economy just as the structure itself dominated the landscape. At Chartres, the construc[1]tion continued off and on from around 1134 to 1220. The most intensive work, however, followed a fire in 1194, when the nave and choir had to be rebuilt.
13.16 & 13.17: Differences between jamb statues on the royal portal vs the south transept
. A comparison of the door jamb statues from the cen[1]tral doorway of the Royal Portal (fig. 13.16) with those from the south transept entrance (fig. 13.17) illustrates the stylistic transition from Early Gothic to the beginning of High Gothic.
12.5: Barrel Vaults
. Figure 12.5 shows the three main vaulting systems used in Romanesque churches—barrel vaulting, as at Conques, groin vaulting, and rib vaulting. Quadrant
12.1, 3-4, 7: Sainte-Foy, Conques, France, c. 1050-1120
. The earliest surviving example of a pilgrimage church (fig. 12.1) is ded[1]icated to Sainte Foy, a third-century virgin martyr known in English as Saint Faith. She was martyred in 303 while still a child because she refused to worship pagan gods. The church, which belonged to the Benedictine Order (see p. 181), was erected over her tomb in Conques, a remote village on the pilgrimage route from Le Puy in southeast[1]ern France.
sexpartite vault
. The success of the vaulting at Durham inspired the builders of Saint[1]Étienne at Caen to change the original flat roof into sexpartite (six-part) vaulting (see fig. 13.8). This new approach to vaulting, like the three-part façade, influenced Early Gothic architecture in the Île-de-France
Peter Abelard
079-1142) Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine
William of Normandy: invasion of England in 1066.
This battle between William and the Saxon King Harold of England is called the Battle of Hastings. (see pages 183 & 195-196)
Classicizing trend in Gothic
stone structures, large expanses of glass, clustered columns, sharply pointed spires, intricate sculptures, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.
Court Style
style of late Gothic figural art in northern Europe characterized by mannered elegance and often scenes of courtly love, chivalry and romance
The subject of the Bayeux Tapestry is
the Viking invasion of Europe.
Royal Portal
the doors of the west facade at Chartres Cathedral, contains episodes from the life of Christ
Fleurs-de-lis
the emblem of the French kings.
Lintel
the horizontal cross-beam spanning an opening in the post-and-lintel system
A homunculus is a
"little man."
Feudalism
(from the Latin word foedus, meaning "oath") was the prevailing socioeconomic system of the Middle Ages.
Pointed Arches
, which is a characteristic and essential feature of Gothic architecture, can be thought of as the intersection of two arcs of nonconcentric circles
13.26-28: Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, England, 1220-1258-
- Salisbury Cathedral (fig. 13.26) was built from 1220 onward in a relatively homogeneous style. It has a cloister (7 in fig. 13.27), a feature of monastic com[1]munities that the English adopted as part of their cathe[1]dral plans. In contrast to French cathedrals, Salisbury has a double transept and a square apse. Its chapter house (8 in fig. 13.27) is octagonal, another feature that distin[1]guishes English from French Gothic. As is characteristic of English cathedrals, Salisbury is set in a cathedral close, a precinct of lawns and trees. Whereas French cathedrals usually rise directly from the streets and squares of a town, emphasizing their verticality, Salisbury is integrated into the landscape, with horizontal planar thrusts. It has fewer stained-glass windows than most French Gothic cathedrals and, therefore, less need for exterior buttressing.
Saint-Denis
1140-1144, Early Gothic, near Paris. first church with gothic features. was begun during Carolingian period but renovated with early gothic features. Abbot Suger--interested in the gothic features. inspired by Hagia Sophia (Byzantine). eastern end=gothic. has stone ceiling, buttresses, round arches in windows and doorways, geometric.
Early Gothic
1140-1194 France, round columns in the interior, rib vaults, NOTRE DAME, SAINT-DENIS
12.15: Mary and Christ with Two Angels, detail of the apse, chapel of Castel Appiano, c. 1200
1200 The Romanesque chapel in Castel Appiano, in north[1]ern Italy, illustrates the use of rich colors—blues, greens, browns, and yellows—and lively forms (fig. 12.15).
13.24: Sainte Chapelle, Thomas de Cormont, Paris, France, 1243-1248
1248The transcendent quality of Gothic light is nowhere more evident than in the reliquary chapel of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris (fig. 13.24). It was commissioned by King Louis IX, who ruled from 1226 to 1270 and was canonized in 1297, and epitomizes the rayonnant style. Here the walls literally become glass as the stone supports diminish. -
Louis XI
1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
12. 10 & 11: Gislebertus Last Judgment, tympanum of west portal, Cathedral of Stain-Lazare, Autun, c. 1120-35
35 A similar taste for flat patterns and weightlessness characterizes the monumental tympanum at Autun (fig. 12.10). It represents a large, imposing figure of Christ appearing in majestic light at the Last Judgment.
12.16 & 17: Bayeux Tapestry, c. 1070-80
80 The detail in fig[1]ure 12.16 shows William the Conqueror leading a group of Norman nobles, including Odo, on galloping horses against the English. This scene takes place on Saturday morning, October 14, 1066, when William's army departed from Hastings to fight Harold, the Saxon king of England.
Royal Portal
: A comparison of the door jamb statues from the cen[1]tral doorway of the Royal Portal (fig. 13.16) with those from the south transept entrance (fig. 13.17) illustrates the stylistic transition from Early Gothic to the beginning of High Gothic.
Relics & Reliquary
: Relics were often housed in elaborate reliquaries (containers for relics) of various shapes, depending on the nature of the relic
Flying Buttress & Flyers
: a buttress in the form of a strut or open half-arch (fig. 13.5).
Fresco Secco
: a variant technique of fresco painting in which the paint is applied to dry plaster; this is often combined with buon fresco, or "true" fresco painting.
Mondorla
: an oval or almond-shaped aureola, or radiance, surrounding the body of a holy person
Trumeau
: in Romanesque and Gothic architec[1]ture, the central post supporting the lintel in a double doorway
12.7 & 12.8: West Entrance (or Façade- which means front) and tympanum of Sainte-Foy at Conques, c. 1130
At Conques, the relief sculpture on the western por[1]tal (fig. 12.7) is confined to the tympanum and , . It conforms to the iconographic norm in its overall arrangement. The figures on Christ's right (the viewer's left) and on his level are saints and church[1]men. Above them, angels hold scrolls that form arches. Below, also on Christ's right, are figures framed by semi[1]circular arches. Christ's left hand is lowered toward he
What are the stories being told
? The two figures on the left are the angel Gabriel and Mary. They enact the scene of the Annunciation, in which Gabriel announces Jesus's impending birth to Mary. On the right, in the Visitation scene, Mary visits her cousin Elizabeth and tells her that she is three months pregnant. Elizabeth informs Mary that she herself is six months pregnant. Her son will be John the Baptist, Christ's sec[1]ond cousin and childhood playmate. Note the different drapery styles in each scene. The folds in the Annuncia[1]tion figures are broader and flatter than those in the Visi[1]tation, indicating that the scenes were carved by different artists
Notre Dame Cathedral
A Gothic cathedral in Paris, France, it was begun in 1200 and completed around 1345. It was destroyed by riots and wars, and rebuilt in the 1700's, then being renovated several times afterwards
Black Plague
A disease that engulfed Europe during the Middle Ages. It killed about one-third of the population and was carried by fleas. Because of this, the feudal system died out.
Pieta
A painted or sculpted representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of the dead Christ.
Scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.
13.2 & 3: Saint-Denis, France 1140-1144
A semicircular ambu[1]latory in the apse permitted the public to circulate freely, while the clergy remained in the radiating chapels. But Suger combined these elements in an original way (figs. 13.2 and 13.3)
Transverse Ribs
At Sainte-Foy, transverse ribs cross the underside of the quadrant—that is, the half-barrel vaults of the nave ceiling. They are supported by cluster piers, : a rib in a vault that crosses the nave or aisle at right angles to the axis of the building.
13.29-31: Cologne Cathedral begun 1248 AD
AD The Gothic style also spread to Germany, where one of its most elaborate expressions is Cologne Cathedral (figs. 13.29-13.31). Begun in 1248, Cologne is the biggest cathe[1]dral in Germany, with two aisles on each side of the nave for increased support (see plan). Double flying buttresses on the exterior also reinforce the exterior walls. The tow[1]ers, which are 515 feet (157 m) high and were completed in 1350, exemplify the late Gothic taste for ornate tracery on the spires, slender vertical thrusts, and animated sur[1]faces that overwhelm the portals. The view of the nave in 220 13 : gothic art figure 13.31 shows the dramatic upward movement of the interior as well as the elegant patterns created by the ver[1]tical regularity of piers, vaults, and windows. The repeti[1]tion of statues on the piers creates a horizontal alignment that leads our gaze toward the apse. Until 1890, Cologne Cathedral was the world's tallest building, and it contains the largest reliquary in the West—namely, the Shrine of the Three Kings.
Pointed Arch
An arch with a pointed crown, characteristic of Gothic architecture.
Bishop Odo of Bayeux
Bishop Odo of Bayeux, half brother of William the Con[1]queror. T
It has been proposed that the Bayeux Tapestry was commissioned by
Bishop Odo.
Another popular theme for Romanesque Portals was
Christ in Glory or in Majesty. This scene shows Christ without the saved and damned around him. Often the symbols of the four evangelists surround him.
Fully identify the Church of Sainte-Foy
Church of Sainte-Foy. N.A. Romanesque Europe. Church: c. 1050-1130 CE; Reliquary: ninth century CE with later additions. Stone (architecture), stone and paint (tympanum), gold, silver, gemstones, and enamel over wood (reliquary)
Abbot Suger-
Credit for the invention of Gothic goes to Abbot Suger of the French royal monastery at Saint-Denis, about 6 miles (10 km) north of Paris. Suger was born in 1081 and educated in the monastery school of Saint-Denis along with the future French king Louis VI. Suger later became a close political and religious adviser to both Louis VI and Louis VII, and he remained a successful mediator between the Church and the royal family. While Louis VII was away on the Second Crusade (1147-49), Suger was appointed regent of France.
Crusades
Crusades a series of military campaigns from 1095 to the fifteenth century to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims
13.19: Rose Window (see also page 212 & 213
Figure 13.19 shows the north rose window illuminated by outside light filtering through the stained glass. Dominating the interior entrance walls, these window arrangements are like colossal paintings in ligh
Why triple elements
Each series of geometric shapes around the center of the rose window numbers twelve—a reference to the twelve apostles. The first series after the tiny circles contains four doves and eight angels. Twelve Old Tes[1]tament kings, typological precursors of Christ, occupy the squares. The twelve quatrefoils contain gold lilies on a blue field, symbols of the French kings. The outer semicircles represent twelve Old Testament prophets, who are types for the New Testament apostles.
Pilgrimages
Earlier in the Middle Ages, it was primarily penitent Christians who made pilgrimages to atone for their sins (see map). From the elev[1]enth century, however, it became customary for devout Christians to undertake pilgrimages, particularly to churches with sacred relics
Elevation
Elevation an architectural diagram showing the exterior (or, less often, interior) surface of a building as if projected onto a vertical plane
perpendicular style
English Gothic motif for tracery in stained glass windows. Lots of and lots of tall parallel vertical elements that are perpendicular to the earth.
13.6: Carpenter's Guild from Chartres Cathedral, early 13th century
Figure 13.6 is a detail of a stained-glass window from Chartres Cathedral (see figs. 13.10-13.19). The blue back[1]ground is broken up, seemingly at random, into numerous sections. Once the pieces of stained glass are joined together, the units are framed by an iron armature and fastened within the tracery, or orna[1]mental stonework, of the window.
The most innovative Romanesque works were created in
France.
Who was the sculptor at Autun Cathedral?
Gislebertus
Last Judgment
Judgment The scene is the Last Judgment (fig. 12.8), in which Christ the Judge determines whether souls will spend eternity in heaven or in hell
Lux Nova
Latin, "new light." Abbot Suger's term for the light that enters a Gothic church through stained-glass windows.
The text of the Bayeux Tapestry is in
Latin.
Light
Light the integration of light with light[1]ness, because the entire area was covered with rib vaults (fig. 13.4) supported by pointed arches. (The Romanesque builders, in contrast, had restricted the lighter vaulting to the ambulatory.) The arches, in turn, were supported by slender columns, which further enhanced the impression of lightness.
Guilds
Medieval guilds, or gilds, were associations formed for the aid and protection of their members and the pursuit of common religious or economic goals.
Where were the Normans from?
Normandy, France scandinavia
13.7 & 8: Sainte-Étienne at Caen, Normandy, 1067
One of the buildings that show how elements of Gothic style evolved from Romanesque precursors is the abbey church of Saint-Étienne at Caen, in Normandy (figs. 13.7 and 13.8).
Cluster Piers
Piers a pier composed of a group, or cluster, of engaged column shafts, often used in Gothic architecture
What were Ottonian churches influenced by?
Romanesque churches
The three most popular pilgrimage sites were
Rome, Compostela, and Jerusalem.
Sainte-Foy at Conques is dedicated to
Saint Faith.
Where were Sainte-Foy and Sernin routes to?
Santiago de Compostela
Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
The Skeleton
Skeleton The features described above combined to form what is called a "skeletal" structure. The main architectural sup[1]ports (buttresses, piers, ribs) form a "skeleton" to which nonsupporting elements, such as walls, are attached
What was Suger's inspiration for the church at St. Denis?
Suger was inspired by the author's emphasis on the mathematical harmony that should exist between the parts of a building and on the miraculous, mystical effect of light. This was elaborated into a theory based on musical ratios; the result was a system that expressed complex symbol[1]ism based on mathematical ratios. The fact that these theo[1]ries were attributed to Saint Denis made them all the more appealing to Abbot Suger
Chevet
Suger's chevet (the east end of the church, comprising the choir, ambulatory, and apse) also emphasized the integration of light with light[1]ness, because the entire area was covered with rib vaults
Stained Glass
That solution was Suger's spe[1]cial use of the stained-glass window, which filtered light through colored fragments of glass. Light and color were diffused throughout the interior of the cathedral. The pre[1]dominant colors of Gothic stained glass tend to be blue and red, in contrast to the golds that characterize most Byzan[1]tine mosaic, : windows composed of pieces of colored glass held in place by strips of lead
Portals
The area immediately around the doorways, or portals, would have contained the first images encountered, and the reliefs were therefore intended to attract the attention of the worshiper approaching the church
Louis IX (St. Louis
This dis[1]tinction between the lower darkness and the upper light is an architectural mirror of traditional Christian juxtaposi[1]tions associating darkness with the lower regions of hell, the Earthly City, and the pre-Christian era. Light, in this context, evokes the Heavenly City and the New Dispensa[1]tion. These metaphors are reinforced by the ceiling vaults, which are painted blue and decorated with gold stars in the form of fleurs-de-lis—the emblem of the French kings.
3 section façade
The organization of the façade into three distinct sections—a central rectangle surmounted by a gable and flanked by towers—became characteristic of Gothic façades. (The later spires date from the Gothic period.)
Secularization
The process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes
Inside Chartres
The saints who decorate the left doorway of the entrance portal on the south transept of Chartres (fig. 13.17) conform less strictly to their colon[1]nettes than do the figures on the Royal Portal, and their feet rest naturally on a horizontal plane. They are no lon[1]ger strictly frontal, they have facial expressions, and they are of different heights
France:
The time and place in which the Gothic style emerged can be identified with unusual precision. It dates from 1137-44, and it originated in the Île-de-France, the region in north[1]ern France that was the personal domain of the French royal family. Credit for the invention of Gothic goes to Abbot Suger of the French royal monastery at Saint-Denis, about 6 miles (10 km) north of Paris.
Fan Vaults
The view of the chapter-house ceiling (fig. 13.28) shows a fan vault, so called because the central pier fans upward and outward toward the ceiling. The fan ribs join those of the vault and resemble the spokes of an inverted umbrella
13.20-23: Reims Cathedral, Reims, France, begun 1211
The west façade of Reims (fig. 13.20) and the interior view of the nave (fig. 13.21) show the extent to which cathedral designs were becoming progressively elongated, with an increasingly vertical thrust. The proportions of the arches at Reims are taller and thinner than those at Chartres, and the plan (fig. 13.22) is longer and thinner. The radiating chapels are deeper than at Chartres, and the transepts are somewhat stubby, appearing to merge into the choir with little or no break.
12.2: Reliquary Statue of Sainte-Foy, Conques, France, c. 1050-1120
They were contained in a gold reliquary statue (fig. 12.2), the head of which is believed to have been formed around the saint's skull. Its large size—it is a late antique mask that has been reused—accentuates the impression of aloof power conveyed by the statue.
Rayonnat Style
This dis[1]tinction between the lower darkness and the upper light is an architectural mirror of traditional Christian juxtaposi[1]tions associating darkness with the lower regions of hell, the Earthly City, and the pre-Christian era. Light, in this context, evokes the Heavenly City and the New Dispensa[1]tion. These metaphors are reinforced by the ceiling vaults, which are painted blue and decorated with gold stars in the form of fleurs-de-lis—the emblem of the French kings.
Triptych
Triptych an altarpiece with three sections)
Rib Vault
Vault a vault constructed of arched diagonal ribs, with a web of lighter masonry in between (fig. 13.4)
Tracery
a decorative interlaced design (as in the stonework in Gothic windows).
Which is NOT part of the plan of Sainte-Foy at Conques?A)narthexB)naveC)transeptD)crossingE)apse
narthex
Rose Window
a circular window with stained glass and stone tracery used on the facades and the ends of the transepts in Gothic cathedrals
Triforium
a gallery or arcade above the arches of the nave, choir, and transepts of a church.
Pinnacle
a high peak or point
Courtly Love
a highly conventionalized medieval tradition of love between a knight and a married noblewoman
Tympanum
a lunette over the doorway of a church, often decorated with sculpture
Masterpiece
a piece of work that a craftsman presented to his guild in order to qualify for the rank of master
Romanesque refers to
a range of styles with regional variations.
Lancet Windows
a tall, narrow, arched window without tracery (fig. 13.19).
Buon Fresco
a technique of painting on the plaster surface of a wall or ceiling (see p. 228). In buon fresco, the paint is applied while the plaster is still damp so that the pigments bond with the wall (see p. 72).
Bays
a unit of space in a building, usually defined by piers, vaults, or other elements in a structural system.
Piers
a vertical support used to bear loads in an arched or vaulted structure (fig. 13.5
The Bayeux Tapestry is
an embroidery.
rectangular bay system
an organizational floor plan that places a rectangular unit in the nave, each defined by its own vault and a square unit in the side aisles
A mandorla refers to
an oval of light
Jambs
an upright surface forming the side of a doorway or window, often decorated with sculptures in Romanesque and Gothic churches
flying Buttress (Gothic)
arch built onto the exterior of a building that transfers the thrust of the roof vaults at important stress points through the wall to a detached buttress pier
Fully identify Bayeux Tapestry
bayeux Tapestry. N.A. ca 1066-1080 CE. Romanesque Europe (Norman or English). Embroidery on linen
What do they mean by Romanesque?
brought back Roman style of art; "Rome-like" in stone architecture
A reliquary is a
container for relics.
12.6: Diagram of a Romanesque Portal:
ct the attention of the worshiper approaching the church. The general layout of medieval church portals is fairly consis[1]tent (fig. 12.6); what varies from building to building is the program, or arrangement and meaning, of the subjects depicted on each section
Rayonnant Style
radiant" style of Gothic architecture; associated with the French Royal Court of Louis IXhaving extremely elongated and elaborate lines, thin columns, often refers to rose windows with thin lines and spidery patterns
13.4: Ribbed vault
h rib vaults (fig. 13.4) supported by pointed arches. (
William the Conqueror
hows William the Conqueror leading a group of Norman nobles, including Odo, on galloping horses against the English. This scene takes place on Saturday morning, October 14, 1066, when William's army departed from Hastings to fight Harold, the Saxon king of England. All the riders are helmeted and armed, and their chai
Lancet
in Gothic architecture, a tall narrow window ending in a pointed arch
Triforium
in Gothic architecture, part of the nave wall above the arcade and below the clerestory.
Stained Glass
in Gothic architecture, the colored glass used for windows to create religious scenes
Armature
in place by strips of lead Armature (a) a metal framework for a stained[1]glass window; (b) a fixed inner framework supporting a sculpture made of a more flexible material
Abbot Suger
in the 12th century, he built the Church of Saint Denis, the premier model of Gothic architecture
Embroidery
made by stitching colored wool onto bleached linen. We have no records of who the artists were, but most medieval embroidery was done by women, especially at the courts.
Radiating Chapels
monks undisturbed access to the main altar in the choir. Three smaller apses, or radiating chapels, protrude from the main apse, and two chapels of unequal size have been added at the east side of the transept arms, chapels placed around the ambulatory (and sometimes the transepts) of a medieval church.
Cult of Mary
new and increased devotion to Mary as an intermediary and the mother of God, part of the apostolic awakening, Bernard of Clairvaux
Left and Right side of Christ
on Christ's right, are figures framed by semi[1]circular arches. Christ's left hand is lowered toward hell
Voissoirs
one of the individual wedge-shaped blocks of stone that make up an arch
Île de la Cité
one of two remaining natural islands in the Seine within the city of Paris.The western end has held a palace since Merovingian times, and its eastern end since the same period has been consecrated to religion, especially after the 10th-century construction of a cathedral preceding today's Notre-Dame.
What was going on during this time period? Why were Romanesque churches created?
pilgrimage, to see relics, relics held a piece of a saint and gave a bit of holiness, thought relics held healing powers for mind, body, and soulWanted to go on a pilgrimage journey at least one in their lifetime, for healing
Great Schism
the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054
Archivolts
the ornamental band or molding sur[1]rounding the tympanum of a Romanesque or Gothic church
Ambulatory
the traditional Latin-cross basilica was modified by extend[1]ing the side aisles around the transept and the apse to form ambulatory, a vaulted passageway, usually surrounding the apse or choir of a church
Which is NOT a feature of the typical Romanesque portal?A)voussoirB)tympanumC)lintelD)doorjambsE)transept
transept
ribbed vault
vault that resembles a groined vault but has ribbed arches
