Chapter 12 Blood

Kidneys

The _______ and to a lesser extent the liver, release erythropoietin in response to prolonged oxygen deficiency which stimulates red blood cell production in red bone marrow. When enough red blood cells are created to supply tissues with the oxygen needed (more oxygen carrying capacity), erythropoietin release decreases and red blood cell production goes back to normal.

Jaundice

The accumulation of bilirubin that turns the skin and eyes yellowish. Treatment includes exposure to fluorescent light, which breaks down bilirubin in the tissues, and feedings that promote bowel movements.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (Hemocytoblasts)

The beginning in the stages of formation of red blood cells

Plasma

The liquid portion of the blood is called this (cells and platelets are called formed elements)

The names of granulocytes are based on how the granules respond to the stain components. Granulocytes are subsequently named neutrophils(being neutral), acidophils(acid loving), or basophils(basic loving) due to how the granules attract these stains. Eosin is the acid component of the Wright's and Giemsa stains and as a result, acidophils are more commonly called eosinophils. Remember, cellular components that attract acid stains appear red while those attracting basic stains appear dark blue.

The names of granulocytes are based on how the granules respond to the stain components. Granulocytes are subsequently named neutrophils(being neutral), acidophils(acid loving), or basophils(basic loving) due to how the granules attract these stains. Eosin is the acid component of the Wright's and Giemsa stains and as a result, acidophils are more commonly called eosinophils. Remember, cellular components that attract acid stains appear red while those attracting basic stains appear dark blue. (COPY THIS)

Red Blood Cell Count

The number of red blood cells in a MICROLITER (mcL or 1 mm^3) is called this

55%

The percentage of plasma in a blood sample by volume

Hematocrit (45%)

The percentage of red blood cells by volume in a blood sample is called this

Hemoglobin (each red blood cell is about 1/3 hemoglobin by volume)

The protein that imparts the color of blood.

Erythropoiesis

The term for red blood cell formation (average life span of a red blood cell is 120 days)

Erythrocytes

The term for red blood cells which are biconcave discs. The shape is an adaptation for transporting gases and increases the surface are through which gases can diffuse. The cell's shape also places the cell's membrane closer to hemoglobin in the cell.

Leukocytes

The term for white blood cells

4,200,000 to 5,400,000 (cells per microliter)

The typical red blood cell count range in adult females (Men have more blood than Women)

4,600,000 to 6,200,000 (cells per microliter)

The typical red blood cell count range in adult males (Men have more blood than Women)

Macrophages, liver, spleen

These cells (_________) phagocytize and destroy damaged red blood cells, primarily in the ________ and _______ (two organs).

Erythropoietin

This hormone controls the rate of red blood cell formation through negative feedback

Small Intestine

This organ absorbs iron slowly from food and reuses iron released from the decomposition of hemoglobin from damaged red blood cells (because of the reuse, only a small amount of iron is needed in the diet).

Blood

Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones Helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid Distributes Heat Transports substances between body cells and external environment thereby promoting Homeostasis

vitamin B12 and Folic Acid

Two key components whose availability significantly influences red blood cell production (not iron). These vitamins are required for DNA synthesis, so they are necessary for the growth and division of cells.

Oxyhemoglobin

When hemoglobin binds oxygen, the resulting _____________ is bright red

Deoxyhemoglobin

When oxygen is released from hemoglobin, the resulting ____________ is darker. (Blood rich in this may appear bluish)

When the heme groups of polypeptide "globin" chains decompose into iron and biliverdin, the iron may be transported by blood (combined with a protein) to the hematopoietic tissue in red bone marrow to be reused in synthesizing new hemoglobin. However, 80% of the iron is stored in the LIVER in the form of an iron-protein complex.

When the heme groups of polypeptide "globin" chains decompose into iron and biliverdin, the iron may be transported by blood (combined with a protein) to the hematopoietic tissue in red bone marrow to be reused in synthesizing new hemoglobin. However, 80% of the iron is stored in the LIVER in the form of an iron-protein complex. (COPY THIS)

White blood cells

Which component of blood is responsible for protecting against disease?

Basophils

White Blood Cell: Are similar to eosinophils in size and shape of their nuclei, but have fewer, more irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules, that become deep blue in basic stain.

Eosinophils

White Blood Cell: Contain coarse, uniformly sized cytoplasmic granules that appear deep red in acid stain. The nucleus usually has only two lobes (termed bilobed).

Neutrophils

White Blood Cell: has fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple in neutral stain. When this type of cell is younger, it is called BANDS because their nuclei are C-shaped. When it is older, the nucleus is lobed and consists of two to five sections (segments, so these cells are sometimes called SEGS) connected by thin strands of chromatin.

1% (less than)

White blood cells and platelets account for this percent of blood volume

45%

A blood sample is usually about this percent red blood cells by volume.

Anemia

A deficiency of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin they contain results in a condition called this

Sickle Cell Disease

A single DNA base mutation that changes one amino acid in the protein part of hemoglobin causing hemoglobin to crystallize in a low-oxygen environment is called this. The crystallization bends the red blood cells containing the abnormal hemoglobin which blocks circulation in small blood vessels.

5 liters (5.3 quarts)

An average-size adult has a blood volume of about this many liters

Polycythemia

An excessive increase in red blood cells is called this

<1%

Basophils make up about this percent range of the total number of circulating leukocytes

Glycolysis

Because red blood cells lack mitochondria (as well as nuclei), red blood cells produce ATP only through this process (the 1st stage in ATP production) and use none of the oxygen they carry (later stages of ATP production require oxygen but red blood cells do not undergo these stages).

1-3%

Eosinophils make up about this percent range of the total number of circulating leukocytes

polypeptide "globin" chains, heme, biliverdin, bilirubin (bilirubin and biliverdin are excreted in the bile as bile pigments)

Hemoglobin molecules liberated from red blood cells break down into their four component _______ ______ _____, each surrounding a ____ group. This group further decomposes into iron and a green-ish pigment called _________. This pigment is eventually converted to an orange pigment called _________.

Iron

Hemoglobin synthesis and normal red blood cell production requires this element

Cyanosis

Hypoxia may cause this which causes the skin and mucous membranes to appear bluish due to an abnormally high blood concentration of deoxyhemoglobin. Exposure to low temperature may also cause this by constricting superficial blood vessels allowing the removal of more oxygen than usual from blood flowing through vessels.

Formed Elements

In blood, the cells and platelets are called this (liquid portion is plasma)

Oxygen-carrying capacity

Increasing the number of circulating red blood cells increases the blood's ______-________ __________.

Hormones, Interleukins, Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs) (Interleukins are numbered, while most colony-stimulating factors are named for the cell population they stimulate)

Leukocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow in response to ______. These fall into two groups, _________ and ________-________ _________.

Granulocytes

Leukocytes with granular cytoplasm are called this

Agranulocytes

Leukocytes without cytoplasmic granules are called this

Monocytes, Lymphocytes

Members of the group agranulocytes

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils (all are about twice the size of a red blood cell, develop in red bone marrow, average life span of about 12 hours)

Members of the group granulocyte

54-62%

Neutrophils account for about this range of percent of the leukocytes in a typical blood sample from an adult

Hypoxia

Prolonged oxygen deficiency

Red Bone Marrow

Red Blood cells are produced initially in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen, but AFTER BIRTH, the cells are produced here in the spaces of bones

Red blood cells have nuclei during their stages of development, but get rid of them to provide room for hemoglobin. Because they lack nuclei, mature red blood cells cannot synthesize proteins or divide.

Red blood cells have nuclei during their stages of development, but get rid of them to provide room for hemoglobin. Because they lack nuclei, mature red blood cells cannot synthesize proteins or divide. (COPY THIS)

Anemia reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (less red blood cells or hemoglobin), and affected people may appear pale and lack energy. Pregnant women may become anemic if they don't eat iron-rich foods, because pregnant woman have higher blood volume due to fluid retention to accommodate the requirements of the fetus. (THE INCREASED BLOOD VOLUME DECREASES THE HEMATOCRIT, THE PERCENT OF RED BLOOD CELLS BY VOLUME).

Anemia reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (less red blood cells or hemoglobin), and affected people may appear pale and lack energy. Pregnant women may become anemic if they don't eat iron-rich foods, because pregnant woman have higher blood volume due to fluid retention to accommodate the requirements of the fetus. (THE INCREASED BLOOD VOLUME DECREASES THE HEMATOCRIT, THE PERCENT OF RED BLOOD CELLS BY VOLUME. Instead, the blood has more water, a component of plasma). (COPY THIS)