Chapter 12: Blood
The 2 main stem cells formed from ___________ stem cells are...?
-Pluripotent stem cells 1) Myeloid stem cells 2) Lymphoid stem cells
For more testing on Myeloid and Lymphoid stem cells, please refer to your google drive learning
...
What are the three phagocytes?
1 Macrophages 2 Neutrophils 3 Dendritic cells
What are the cells of the innate immune system?
1 Mast cells 2 Phagocytes 3 Basophils and eosinophils 4 Natural killer cells
What are the 3 Plasma Protein Cells?
1) Albumin 2) Globulin 3) Fibrinogen
What are the 6 general nutrient categories in plasma?
1) Amino acids 2) fatty acids 3) glucose 4) glycerol 5) minerals 6) vitamins
Eosinophiles' secondary functions are...
1) Antigen-presenting and recognizing 2) Destruction of tumor cells 3) Tissue repair
Immunoglobulin Function?
1) Attacks viruses and bacteria (Think "immuno," it's in the name)
When is there a high presence of neutrophils?
1) Bacterial infection 2) Burns 3) Stress 4) Inflammation
Meyloid SCs can produce what 4 kinds of daughter cells?
1) CFU-E 2) CFU-Meg 3) CFU-GM 4) Mast cells
What are the 3 functions of all nutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrates)?
1) Cell functioning 2) Growth 3) development
What does a macrophage attack as an IS responder?
1) Cellular debris 2) Foreign substances 3) Foreign microbes 4) Cancer cells
Albumin: Functions?
1) Contributes to colloid osmotic pressure 2) Blood viscosity 3) Helps regulate blood pH
What are the five types of solutes in plasma?
1) Electrolytes 2) Nutrients 3) Gases 4) Regulatory substances 5) Waste product
What are the 3 regulatory substances in plasma?
1) Enzymes 2) Hormones 3) Vitamins
What are the three GRANULAR leukocytes?
1) Eosinophils 2) Basophil 3) Neutrophil
The 3 main "formed elements" of blood are...?
1) Erythrocytes 2) Leukocytes 3) Platelets
What are the 2 main functions of the neutrophil?
1) First responder to infection sites 2) Antigen-recognizing cell
What 3 things does blood transport?
1) Gases 2) Nutrients 3) Waste
Hemoglobin is composed of what 3 elements?
1) Glubulin 2) Iron 3) Heme
CFU-GM cells make...?
1) Granular leukocytes 2) Monocytes (Agranular)
What 3 things do hormones regulate?
1) Growth 2) Development 3) Metabolism
What 4 things does blood regulate?
1) Homeostasis 2) pH 3) Cooling and heating 4) Osmosis/osmolarity
Globulin: Three types?
1) Immunoglobulin 2) Alpa globulin 3) Beta globulin
White blood cell production is triggered by what 4 factors?
1) Invading microbes 2) Exercise 3) Anesthesia 4) Invasive medical procedures
What are the 4 AGRANULAR leukocytes?
1) Monocytes 2) T-cells 3) B-Cells 4) NK-Cells
Eosinophils' immune system response is against what 2 things?
1) Multicellular parasites 2) Combat the effects of histamine
What are the functions of all electrolytes?
1) Osmotic pressure 2) Cell function
What are the 3 main gases in plasma?
1) Oxygen 2) CO2 3) N2
Blood is made up of what 2 main components?
1) Plasma 2) Formed elements
What is the 4 step process of making an erythrocyte?
1) Pluripotent cell 2) Myeloid Stem Cell 3) Proerythroblast 4) Reticulocyte minus the nucleus = 5) Erythrocyte (Ta-da!)
What are the main functions of Basophils in the IS response?
1) Release heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the overall inflammatory response
What is water's 2 main functions in blood plasma?
1) Solvent and suspending medium 2) Absorbs, transports and releases heat
In what 2 ways are basophils and eosinophils alike?
1) They contain vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues 2) IS response to parasites and allergies
What are the main functions of blood?
1) Transportation 2) Regulation
What are the 6 waste products found in plasma?
1) Urea 2) Uric acid 3) Creatine 4) Creatinine 5) Bilirubin 6) Ammonia
What 3 main elements make up blood plasma?
1) Water 2) (Plasma) Protein 3) (In)organic Solutes
Mast Cells' 2ndary functions are...?
1) Wound healing 2) Defense against pathogens
Red blood cells and white blood cells, respecitively, live for how long?
120 days and a few hours to 2 days.
Eosinophiles have _ lobes
2
Neutrophils have _-_ lobes
2-5
Red Blood Cells make up __% of blood volume?
45
Men and women, respectively, have how many RBC in their blood?
5.4 and 4.8 million
Plasma Proteins make up __% blood plasma
7
Water makes up __% of blood plasma
91.5
What is a reticulocyte count?
A diagnostic test that indicated the rate of erythropoiesis
What do B-Cells do?
Adaptive immune-system, e.g., antibodies
Lymphoid SC become...?
Agranular leukocytes
What is globulin made of?
Alpha and beta helices
What do dendritic cells do?
Antigen-presenting cells
Fibrinogen Function?
Blood clotting
What is the function of carbon dioxide?
Blood pH regulation
What is the function of enzymes?
Catalyzes chemical reactions
What is the function of oxygen in blood?
Cellular functioning, particularly within mitochondria
What are the negatively charged electrolytes?
Cl, HPO4, SO4, HCO3
What is the function of vitamins?
Cofactors for enzyme reactions
CFU-E stands for...?
Colony-forming unit erythrocyte
CFU-GM stands for...?
Colony-forming unit granulocyte macrophage
CFU-Meg stands for...?
Colony-forming unit megakaryote
What do eosinophils and mast cells have in common?
Control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma (histamine production.)
At what sites of infection are basophils typically found?
Ectoparasite infection, e.g., ticks.
CFU-E cells make...?
Erythrocytes
What is the cycle of forming erythrocytes?
Erythropoiesis
What is hemophilia caused by?
Fibrinogen to fibrin process is affected and not made properly within platelets. Coagulation does not occur very well or at all.
The process of making any blood cell is called...?
Hemipoiesis
Red blood cells are composed of...?
Hemoglobin
Where are platelets made?
In the liver
What is the function of iron in a red blood cell?
It is the O2 binding site
The lack of WBC is termed as...?
Leukopenia
Plasma Proteins are made by the _____
Liver
What is the process by which white blood cells are made?
Luekocytosis
Monocytes CAN turn into...?
Macrophages
What AGRANULAR leukocytes is not made from a myeloid stem cell?
Monocytes
What are the positive electrolytes?
Na, K, Ca, Mg
What are the phagocytic cells?
Neutrophils Macrophages Dendritic Cells T-Lymphocytes
Relative abundances of WBC (w/ %)
Neutrophils-65 > Agranular - 22.5 >Monocytes - 5.5 > Basophils - .75
By what process does a macrophage function?
Phagocytosis
Neutrophils and macrophages operate by what kind of mechanism?
Phagocytosis
What is the function of heme in hemoglobin?
Pigmentation
B-cells can become...?
Plasma cells
CFU-Meg cells make...?
Platelets
From what kind of cells are all blood cells made?
Pluripotent stem cells
____________ is an excess of red blood cells is when there is over a __% count.
Polycythemia, 54%
Erythrocytes are also known as...?
Red blood cells
Production of erythrocytes occurs in what tissue?
Red bone marrow
What do monocytes do?
Replenish resident macrophages dendritic cells
What are the cells apart of the adaptive immune system?
T and B-cells
Dendritic cells are born from...?
T-Cells
What is hematocrit?
The total percentage of erythrocytes within blood.
What is and from where is the hormone secreted that triggers the production of platelets?
Thrombopoietin
Alpha and beta globulin function?
Transport of iron, lipid and fat-soluble vitamins
What is the function of Nitrogen gas?
Trick question - we do not know.
Eosinophiles produce a _____ protein
basic
What do T-Cells attack?
i. Virus-infected cells ii. Cancer cells iii. Transplated tissue
Neutrophils' macroscopic presence is in the form of ___?
pus