Chapter 12: Blood

The 2 main stem cells formed from ___________ stem cells are...?

-Pluripotent stem cells 1) Myeloid stem cells 2) Lymphoid stem cells

For more testing on Myeloid and Lymphoid stem cells, please refer to your google drive learning

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What are the three phagocytes?

1 Macrophages 2 Neutrophils 3 Dendritic cells

What are the cells of the innate immune system?

1 Mast cells 2 Phagocytes 3 Basophils and eosinophils 4 Natural killer cells

What are the 3 Plasma Protein Cells?

1) Albumin 2) Globulin 3) Fibrinogen

What are the 6 general nutrient categories in plasma?

1) Amino acids 2) fatty acids 3) glucose 4) glycerol 5) minerals 6) vitamins

Eosinophiles' secondary functions are...

1) Antigen-presenting and recognizing 2) Destruction of tumor cells 3) Tissue repair

Immunoglobulin Function?

1) Attacks viruses and bacteria (Think "immuno," it's in the name)

When is there a high presence of neutrophils?

1) Bacterial infection 2) Burns 3) Stress 4) Inflammation

Meyloid SCs can produce what 4 kinds of daughter cells?

1) CFU-E 2) CFU-Meg 3) CFU-GM 4) Mast cells

What are the 3 functions of all nutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrates)?

1) Cell functioning 2) Growth 3) development

What does a macrophage attack as an IS responder?

1) Cellular debris 2) Foreign substances 3) Foreign microbes 4) Cancer cells

Albumin: Functions?

1) Contributes to colloid osmotic pressure 2) Blood viscosity 3) Helps regulate blood pH

What are the five types of solutes in plasma?

1) Electrolytes 2) Nutrients 3) Gases 4) Regulatory substances 5) Waste product

What are the 3 regulatory substances in plasma?

1) Enzymes 2) Hormones 3) Vitamins

What are the three GRANULAR leukocytes?

1) Eosinophils 2) Basophil 3) Neutrophil

The 3 main "formed elements" of blood are...?

1) Erythrocytes 2) Leukocytes 3) Platelets

What are the 2 main functions of the neutrophil?

1) First responder to infection sites 2) Antigen-recognizing cell

What 3 things does blood transport?

1) Gases 2) Nutrients 3) Waste

Hemoglobin is composed of what 3 elements?

1) Glubulin 2) Iron 3) Heme

CFU-GM cells make...?

1) Granular leukocytes 2) Monocytes (Agranular)

What 3 things do hormones regulate?

1) Growth 2) Development 3) Metabolism

What 4 things does blood regulate?

1) Homeostasis 2) pH 3) Cooling and heating 4) Osmosis/osmolarity

Globulin: Three types?

1) Immunoglobulin 2) Alpa globulin 3) Beta globulin

White blood cell production is triggered by what 4 factors?

1) Invading microbes 2) Exercise 3) Anesthesia 4) Invasive medical procedures

What are the 4 AGRANULAR leukocytes?

1) Monocytes 2) T-cells 3) B-Cells 4) NK-Cells

Eosinophils' immune system response is against what 2 things?

1) Multicellular parasites 2) Combat the effects of histamine

What are the functions of all electrolytes?

1) Osmotic pressure 2) Cell function

What are the 3 main gases in plasma?

1) Oxygen 2) CO2 3) N2

Blood is made up of what 2 main components?

1) Plasma 2) Formed elements

What is the 4 step process of making an erythrocyte?

1) Pluripotent cell 2) Myeloid Stem Cell 3) Proerythroblast 4) Reticulocyte minus the nucleus = 5) Erythrocyte (Ta-da!)

What are the main functions of Basophils in the IS response?

1) Release heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the overall inflammatory response

What is water's 2 main functions in blood plasma?

1) Solvent and suspending medium 2) Absorbs, transports and releases heat

In what 2 ways are basophils and eosinophils alike?

1) They contain vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues 2) IS response to parasites and allergies

What are the main functions of blood?

1) Transportation 2) Regulation

What are the 6 waste products found in plasma?

1) Urea 2) Uric acid 3) Creatine 4) Creatinine 5) Bilirubin 6) Ammonia

What 3 main elements make up blood plasma?

1) Water 2) (Plasma) Protein 3) (In)organic Solutes

Mast Cells' 2ndary functions are...?

1) Wound healing 2) Defense against pathogens

Red blood cells and white blood cells, respecitively, live for how long?

120 days and a few hours to 2 days.

Eosinophiles have _ lobes

2

Neutrophils have _-_ lobes

2-5

Red Blood Cells make up __% of blood volume?

45

Men and women, respectively, have how many RBC in their blood?

5.4 and 4.8 million

Plasma Proteins make up __% blood plasma

7

Water makes up __% of blood plasma

91.5

What is a reticulocyte count?

A diagnostic test that indicated the rate of erythropoiesis

What do B-Cells do?

Adaptive immune-system, e.g., antibodies

Lymphoid SC become...?

Agranular leukocytes

What is globulin made of?

Alpha and beta helices

What do dendritic cells do?

Antigen-presenting cells

Fibrinogen Function?

Blood clotting

What is the function of carbon dioxide?

Blood pH regulation

What is the function of enzymes?

Catalyzes chemical reactions

What is the function of oxygen in blood?

Cellular functioning, particularly within mitochondria

What are the negatively charged electrolytes?

Cl, HPO4, SO4, HCO3

What is the function of vitamins?

Cofactors for enzyme reactions

CFU-E stands for...?

Colony-forming unit erythrocyte

CFU-GM stands for...?

Colony-forming unit granulocyte macrophage

CFU-Meg stands for...?

Colony-forming unit megakaryote

What do eosinophils and mast cells have in common?

Control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma (histamine production.)

At what sites of infection are basophils typically found?

Ectoparasite infection, e.g., ticks.

CFU-E cells make...?

Erythrocytes

What is the cycle of forming erythrocytes?

Erythropoiesis

What is hemophilia caused by?

Fibrinogen to fibrin process is affected and not made properly within platelets. Coagulation does not occur very well or at all.

The process of making any blood cell is called...?

Hemipoiesis

Red blood cells are composed of...?

Hemoglobin

Where are platelets made?

In the liver

What is the function of iron in a red blood cell?

It is the O2 binding site

The lack of WBC is termed as...?

Leukopenia

Plasma Proteins are made by the _____

Liver

What is the process by which white blood cells are made?

Luekocytosis

Monocytes CAN turn into...?

Macrophages

What AGRANULAR leukocytes is not made from a myeloid stem cell?

Monocytes

What are the positive electrolytes?

Na, K, Ca, Mg

What are the phagocytic cells?

Neutrophils Macrophages Dendritic Cells T-Lymphocytes

Relative abundances of WBC (w/ %)

Neutrophils-65 > Agranular - 22.5 >Monocytes - 5.5 > Basophils - .75

By what process does a macrophage function?

Phagocytosis

Neutrophils and macrophages operate by what kind of mechanism?

Phagocytosis

What is the function of heme in hemoglobin?

Pigmentation

B-cells can become...?

Plasma cells

CFU-Meg cells make...?

Platelets

From what kind of cells are all blood cells made?

Pluripotent stem cells

____________ is an excess of red blood cells is when there is over a __% count.

Polycythemia, 54%

Erythrocytes are also known as...?

Red blood cells

Production of erythrocytes occurs in what tissue?

Red bone marrow

What do monocytes do?

Replenish resident macrophages dendritic cells

What are the cells apart of the adaptive immune system?

T and B-cells

Dendritic cells are born from...?

T-Cells

What is hematocrit?

The total percentage of erythrocytes within blood.

What is and from where is the hormone secreted that triggers the production of platelets?

Thrombopoietin

Alpha and beta globulin function?

Transport of iron, lipid and fat-soluble vitamins

What is the function of Nitrogen gas?

Trick question - we do not know.

Eosinophiles produce a _____ protein

basic

What do T-Cells attack?

i. Virus-infected cells ii. Cancer cells iii. Transplated tissue

Neutrophils' macroscopic presence is in the form of ___?

pus