Chapter 12 Cognitive Development in Childhood

What are fluid and crystallized intelligence? Be able to identify and recognize examples of each.

-Fluid intelligence: innate skills, related to processing and problem solving. (intelligence that allows us to quickly and effectively solve novel problems for which we have life training) (things like working memory, processing speed, and attention) These are things that we cannot learn or practice. -Crystallized intelligence: learned skills, related to experience and education. (what we already know and can draw on to solve problems.) (like general facts and info that we have learned)

What is IQ? How was it calculated in the past? How is it calculated now? What is a standardized test?

-IQ (intelligence quotient) Measure of intelligence relative to same-age peers. Average IQ = 100 (same as most same-age peers) IQ > 100 = higher than average, IQ < 100 = lower than average. -In the past it was calculated by dividing a child's mental age by their chronological age and then multiplying by 100 -Now it is calculated using a deviation IQ, which is a measure of intelligence that is based on the individuals deviation from the norms for a given test. -standardized tests are most commonly used to assess IQ. Standardized administration and scoring instructions. Test should be given and scored the same way no matter who is doing it - ensures an equal testing experience for all. Norms: comparison set of scores for all ages.

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences - be able to recognize a definition or example of each form of intelligence, while also understanding the main idea of the theory.

-Intelligence consists of both cognitive and non-cognitive skills. -linguistic: the ability to use language. (public speakers) -musical: the ability to make music. (composer) -logical-mathematical: the ability to reason about abstract concepts. -spatial: the ability to see the world and then manipulate or recreate what is seen. (artists and engineers) -bodily-kinesthetic: the ability to use your body effectively. (dancers and atheletes) -interpersonal: skills in interacting with other people. (politicians) -intrapersonal: the ability to understand your own emotions and thoughts and express them. (actors, poets) -naturalist: the ability to distinguish and categorize natural phenomena. -existential: the ability to think about the ultimate questions of life and death. (philopsophers)

How does memory strategy use change at this age? What memory strategies are commonly used at this age? Be familiar with the grouping and elaboration strategies.

-Memory capacity increases to adult levels at this age. Strategies are now spontaneously used. (Increase in information processing speed, children develop a number of encoding strategies that help them store and retrieve information.) -Grouping: put like objects or information together. Elaboration: make up a story or otherwise attach meaning to information.

What is Piaget's stage of concrete operations? What is the major cognitive advance that children make at this age?

-This stage is from 7-12 years and is characterized by logical, but not abstract, thought. (children can now think logically, rather than magically, but their abilities are still limited because there thinking is concrete and not abstract.) -They now have the concept of conservation and reversibility, classification, class inclusion, and seriation.

Know the difference between ability grouping and collaborative learning. Which is most beneficial to students, and why?

-ability grouping is an educational approach that places students of similar ability in learning groups so they can be taught at a level that is most appropriate for heir level of understanding. -collaborative learning is an educational strategy that allows groups of students who are at different ability levels to work together on a common goal, such as a project or an assignment. -collaborative learning is shown more beneficial to ALL students because the kids can learn better from their high achieving peers, than they might from their teachers and the higher achieving kids learn better because they have to learn how to teach and help someone learn.

What is intellectual disability? Know the criteria that must be met for diagnosis.

-an intellectual disability is a disorder marked by below average intellectual function and a lack of skills necessary for independent daily living. -Diagnostic criteria: Low score on IQ test (usually below 70) Deficits in adaptive functioning (self-care)

What is meant by gifted (or talented)? What is the enrichment approach to educating these children? What is the accelerated approach? What are some potential problems with the accelerated approach?

-children and youth who exhibit high performance capability in intellectual, creative, and/or artistic areas; possess an unusual leadership capability; or excel in specific academic fields. (High score on intelligence tests (usually over 120) Talent - performance and motivation based) -Enrichment (provides additional experiences) it is an approach for gifted children in which the curriculum is covered but in greater depth, breadth, or complexity than is done in a typical classroom. -Accelerated (provides an accelerated curriculum, which may include skipping grades) a program that allows students to move through the standard curriculum more quickly than is typical. -The social impact of skipping grades can negate any academic benefit.

What are expectancy effects? How do they affect children's educational experiences? How does the selffulfilling prophecy underlie expectancy effects?

-expectations of others affect our own perceptions and behaviors. -teachers may treat the child differently affecting how that child performs -(this is the process by which we fulfill expectancy effects) the process by which expectations or beliefs lead to behaviors that help ensure that you fulfill the initial prophecy or expectation.

What is intelligence? What is "g"?

-intelligence is the qualities that help us adapt successfully to achieve our goals. -G is a type of intelligence (general intelligence), made up of: fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence - be able to recognize a definition or example of each type of intelligence, while also understanding the main idea of the theory.

-main idea of this theory is that intelligence is related to not only to success in school but also to success in life. -analytic intelligence: mental steps, or components used to solve problems. -creative intelligence: use of experience in ways that foster insight. -practical intelligence: the ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life.

How does intelligence relate to academic achievement? What factors relate to individual differences in IQ?

-scores on IQ tests do not predict academic achievement, other factors, such as self control may be better indicators. -Factors such as family, education, enriched social environments, and peer groups have all been linked to differences in IQ. For example, studies have found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than later-born siblings????

What is meant by "least restrictive environment" when referring to special education? What is the difference between mainstreaming and full inclusion? Why is full inclusion less commonly used?

-this is a classroom that is as typical as possible, we don't want to exclude them. -Mainstreaming (student is in typical classroom when possible and special needs classroom when necessary). -Full inclusion (student is always in typical classroom, but with an aide) -full inclusion is less commonly used because the teachers are concerned about being able to teach a child with a disability, this could be a disruption for other students, there is also concern that it might slow down the curriculum a little bit.

seriation

Ability to logically put things in order by size. (stick sizes)

How does knowledge base affect memory?

Children are becoming "experts" in areas of interest. That knowledge base allows them to more easily remember and process information that is related to it.

What gender differences exist in academic performance? What are some school-based gender stereotypes?

Stereotypes: girls better at language arts, boys better at math/science School performance: Girls actually do better in the language arts, no significant differences in STEM performance, but there are differences in STEM interest. Boys more likely to repeat grades and have learning disabilities.

classification

The ability to organize objects into hierarchical conceptual categories. -A terrier fits in the larger category of dogs and dogs fit in the larger category of animals. the game 20 questions is a good way to test this.

class inclusion

Understanding that objects can belong to classes and subclasses. -Children are asked, "Are there more flowers or are there more yellow flowers?" At this stage, children should say "flowers." They recognize that all of the flowers fall into that group. Younger children will say "yellow flowers" because they can only consider "blue flowers" and "yellow flowers" and not the whole group of "flowers."

reversibility

ability to mentally reverse an action, which allows them to pass these tasks. -if the contents of a short wide glass are poured into a tall thin glass, the water level will be higher in the second glass, the child realizes that if you reversed this and poured the water back into the other glass that the amount would stay the same.

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of object.