Chapter 12: DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information
What happens in semi-conservative replication?
- H bonds break to separate DNA - old strand = template - new DNA = 1 old + 1 new
What 3 famous scientists figured the structure of DNA?
-Rosalind Franklin, Watson & Crick
What are the 2 old models of replication that are not accurate?
-conservative replication -dispersive replication
What happens in conservative replication?
-old (parent) strands stay together -2 new strands make a second double helix
How many rings do pyrimidines have?
1 ring
What are the 3 things are nucleotides made up of?
1. 5 C sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base
What are the 2 steps of gene expression?
1. Transcription 2. Translation
How many rings do purines have?
2 rings
The template strand goes from ________ to _______.
3' to 5'
A phosphodiester bond is a covalent bond between what?
5' C of one nucleotide & 3' OH of next nucleotide (loses H)
DNA is written from ______ to ________.
5' to 3'
What is Chargaff's rule?
A=T and G=C
What are the 2 purines?
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
What are the bases of DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
What are the bases of RNA?
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Complementary base pairing of DNA is formed by ______________ bonds
H bonds
A template 3' always makes the _________ strand
Leading
The 3' of DNA is attached to a _________ group.
OH group
In eukaryotes, _______ is processed by leaving the nucleus through pores to be translated.
RNA
What happens in translation?
RNA becomes coded template to direct polypeptide synthesis
When is DNA replicated?
S phase
The 1' C of DNA is attached to what?
a nitrogenous base
DNA polymerase does what?
adds new nucleotides together
What are mutations?
changes to the order of bases in DNA
Bacteria have _____________ DNA.
circular
The entire flow of genetic information happens in the _______________ of bacteria cells.
cytoplasm
Is DNA single or double stranded?
double
_____________ are needed to unwind the double helix and separate strands
enzymes
DNA _________ (aka topoisomerase) relives stress and acts as a "detangler".
gyrase
DNA ________ unwinds the double helix. m
helicase
What are the function of single stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB)?
helps helix from binding back together
What happens in transcription?
info in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of RNA
A template 5' always makes the ___________ strand.
lagging
On what strand can you find RNA Primers?
lagging strand
The _______________ strand replicates AWAY from the replication fork.
lagging strand
DNA _________ "glues" Okazaki fragments together.
ligase
Eukaryotes have ____________ DNA
linear
What type of charge does DNA have?
negative
What is the building block of DNA?
nucleotide
What's is the monomer of DNA & RNA?
nucleotide
_____________ _______ are found in all cells as free molecules. (A, T, G,C + 3 phosphates)
nucleotide triphosphates
DNA is antiparallel. What does this mean?
one strand is 5' to 3', the other is 3' to 5' (opposites)
What happens in dispersive replication?
parent and new strands randomly mix during replication
Proteins produced will later give us the organism's ________________.
phenotype
The 5'C of DNA is attached to a _________________ group.
phosphate group
In DNA, nucleotides are linked by covalent __________________ bonds.
phosphodiester
What is a gene?
portion of DNA that codes for a trait
What is gene expression?
process of DNA being made into proteins and expressing the phenotype (DNA -> RNA -> Proteins (phenotype)
Genes carry genetic information needed to eventually make a specific _______________.
protein
What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases?
purines and pyrimidines
Explain the function of RNA primers.
put RNA down as starting point so that DNA polymerase can add new nucleotides
DNA synthesis happens towards the _______ _________ in the leading strand.
replication fork
What are Okazaki fragments?
segments of new DNA on the lagging strand
What is the current DNA replication model?
semi conservative replication
__________________ __________________ provides the mechanism for mutations to be passed on.
semi-conservative replication
Is RNA single or double stranded?
single
Nucleotide triphosphates serve as ___ for replication.
substrates
Nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds create DNA's _________ - ______________________ backbone.
sugar phosphate backbone
What are the 3 pyrimidines?
thymine, cytosine, uracil
The process of turning DNA into RNA is called __________________.
transcription
____________ happens at the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
transcription
The process of turning RNA into proteins is called what?
translation