Chapter 12: DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information

What happens in semi-conservative replication?

- H bonds break to separate DNA - old strand = template - new DNA = 1 old + 1 new

What 3 famous scientists figured the structure of DNA?

-Rosalind Franklin, Watson & Crick

What are the 2 old models of replication that are not accurate?

-conservative replication -dispersive replication

What happens in conservative replication?

-old (parent) strands stay together -2 new strands make a second double helix

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

1 ring

What are the 3 things are nucleotides made up of?

1. 5 C sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base

What are the 2 steps of gene expression?

1. Transcription 2. Translation

How many rings do purines have?

2 rings

The template strand goes from ________ to _______.

3' to 5'

A phosphodiester bond is a covalent bond between what?

5' C of one nucleotide & 3' OH of next nucleotide (loses H)

DNA is written from ______ to ________.

5' to 3'

What is Chargaff's rule?

A=T and G=C

What are the 2 purines?

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

What are the bases of DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

What are the bases of RNA?

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Complementary base pairing of DNA is formed by ______________ bonds

H bonds

A template 3' always makes the _________ strand

Leading

The 3' of DNA is attached to a _________ group.

OH group

In eukaryotes, _______ is processed by leaving the nucleus through pores to be translated.

RNA

What happens in translation?

RNA becomes coded template to direct polypeptide synthesis

When is DNA replicated?

S phase

The 1' C of DNA is attached to what?

a nitrogenous base

DNA polymerase does what?

adds new nucleotides together

What are mutations?

changes to the order of bases in DNA

Bacteria have _____________ DNA.

circular

The entire flow of genetic information happens in the _______________ of bacteria cells.

cytoplasm

Is DNA single or double stranded?

double

_____________ are needed to unwind the double helix and separate strands

enzymes

DNA _________ (aka topoisomerase) relives stress and acts as a "detangler".

gyrase

DNA ________ unwinds the double helix. m

helicase

What are the function of single stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB)?

helps helix from binding back together

What happens in transcription?

info in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of RNA

A template 5' always makes the ___________ strand.

lagging

On what strand can you find RNA Primers?

lagging strand

The _______________ strand replicates AWAY from the replication fork.

lagging strand

DNA _________ "glues" Okazaki fragments together.

ligase

Eukaryotes have ____________ DNA

linear

What type of charge does DNA have?

negative

What is the building block of DNA?

nucleotide

What's is the monomer of DNA & RNA?

nucleotide

_____________ _______ are found in all cells as free molecules. (A, T, G,C + 3 phosphates)

nucleotide triphosphates

DNA is antiparallel. What does this mean?

one strand is 5' to 3', the other is 3' to 5' (opposites)

What happens in dispersive replication?

parent and new strands randomly mix during replication

Proteins produced will later give us the organism's ________________.

phenotype

The 5'C of DNA is attached to a _________________ group.

phosphate group

In DNA, nucleotides are linked by covalent __________________ bonds.

phosphodiester

What is a gene?

portion of DNA that codes for a trait

What is gene expression?

process of DNA being made into proteins and expressing the phenotype (DNA -> RNA -> Proteins (phenotype)

Genes carry genetic information needed to eventually make a specific _______________.

protein

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases?

purines and pyrimidines

Explain the function of RNA primers.

put RNA down as starting point so that DNA polymerase can add new nucleotides

DNA synthesis happens towards the _______ _________ in the leading strand.

replication fork

What are Okazaki fragments?

segments of new DNA on the lagging strand

What is the current DNA replication model?

semi conservative replication

__________________ __________________ provides the mechanism for mutations to be passed on.

semi-conservative replication

Is RNA single or double stranded?

single

Nucleotide triphosphates serve as ___ for replication.

substrates

Nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds create DNA's _________ - ______________________ backbone.

sugar phosphate backbone

What are the 3 pyrimidines?

thymine, cytosine, uracil

The process of turning DNA into RNA is called __________________.

transcription

____________ happens at the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

transcription

The process of turning RNA into proteins is called what?

translation