Chapter 12 GCOM Terms
The Five Cs
Captive Audience, committed audience, contrary audience, concerned audience, casual audience
specific purpose statement
a concise, precise infinitive phrase composed of simple, clear language that encompasses both the general purpose and the central idea and indicates what the speaker hopes to accomplish with the speech
correlation
a consistant relationship between two variables
extended examples
a detailed story or illustration
attitude
a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some attitude object
margin of error
a measure of the degree of sampling error accounted for by imperfections in sample selection- goes up as the number of people surveyed goes down
ad hominem fallacy
a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message
virtual library
a search tool that combines internet technology and standard library techniques for cataloguing and appraising information
causal pattern
a standard organizational pattern is causes- effects or effects-causes (to explain the causes and effects of yearly flue viruses)
chronological pattern
a time pattern (to explain the renovation plan for our local downtown city center)
spatial pattern
a visualization of where things are spatially (to explain how to load up a backpack for camping)
validity
accuracy
real examples
actual occurrences
captive audience
an audience that assembles to hear you speak because it is compelled to (in class speech)
contrary audience
an audience that forms that is initially hostile to your position on its issues (school board meetings)
casual audience
an audience that is composed of individuals who become listeners because they hear a speaker and stop out of curiosity or interest
concerned audience
an audience that that gathers voluntarily to hear a speaker because listeners care about issues and ideas (want to gather information and learn)
committed audience
an audience that voluntarily assembles because members want to invest time and energy listening and being inspired by a speaker (usually agrees with the speakers topic already) (political rallies)
directory
an internet tool in which humans edit indexes of web pages that match, or link with, keywords typed in a search window
search engine
an internet tool that computer generates indexes of web pages that match, or link with, keywords typed in a search window
variable
anything that can change
self-selected sample
attracts the most committed, aroused, or motivated individuals to fill out surveys on their own and answer polling questions
ad populum fallacy
basing a claim on popular opinion
demographics
characteristics such as age, gender, culture, and ethnicity, and group affiliations
reliability
consistency
evidence
consists of supporting materials just discussed whose purpose is to bolster claims that are controversial
hypothetical example
describes an imaginary situation, one that is concocted to make a point, illustrate an idea, or identify a general principle
fallacies
errors in evidence and reasoning
toulmin structure of argument
everyday reasoning
supporting materials
examples, statistics, and testimony used to bolster a speaker's viewpoint
generation gap
generalizations based on age
central idea
identifies the main concept, point, issue, or conclusion that you want the audience to understand, believe, or feel
general purpose
identifies the overall goal of your speech: it tells the audience why you're giving the speech
argument
implicitly or explicitly presents a claim and provides support for that claim with reasoning and evidence
relevance
it must relate directly to those claims, or the claims are unwarranted
random sample
portion of the population chosen in such a manner that every member of the entire population has an equal chance of getting selected
testimonial
praising a product that you have used
credibility
reliability and validity
topical pattern
shapes information according to types, classifications, or parts of a whole (to explain the three types of prisons in the united states)
value
the most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinking or behavior
reasoning
the thought process of drawing conclusions from supporting materials
belief
what a person thinks is true or probable
hasty generalization
when you draw a conclusion based on too few or unrepresentative samples
metasearch engine
will send your keyword request to several search engines at once
