Chapter 12 GCOM Terms

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The Five Cs

Captive Audience, committed audience, contrary audience, concerned audience, casual audience

specific purpose statement

a concise, precise infinitive phrase composed of simple, clear language that encompasses both the general purpose and the central idea and indicates what the speaker hopes to accomplish with the speech

correlation

a consistant relationship between two variables

extended examples

a detailed story or illustration

attitude

a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some attitude object

margin of error

a measure of the degree of sampling error accounted for by imperfections in sample selection- goes up as the number of people surveyed goes down

ad hominem fallacy

a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message

virtual library

a search tool that combines internet technology and standard library techniques for cataloguing and appraising information

causal pattern

a standard organizational pattern is causes- effects or effects-causes (to explain the causes and effects of yearly flue viruses)

chronological pattern

a time pattern (to explain the renovation plan for our local downtown city center)

spatial pattern

a visualization of where things are spatially (to explain how to load up a backpack for camping)

validity

accuracy

real examples

actual occurrences

captive audience

an audience that assembles to hear you speak because it is compelled to (in class speech)

contrary audience

an audience that forms that is initially hostile to your position on its issues (school board meetings)

casual audience

an audience that is composed of individuals who become listeners because they hear a speaker and stop out of curiosity or interest

concerned audience

an audience that that gathers voluntarily to hear a speaker because listeners care about issues and ideas (want to gather information and learn)

committed audience

an audience that voluntarily assembles because members want to invest time and energy listening and being inspired by a speaker (usually agrees with the speakers topic already) (political rallies)

directory

an internet tool in which humans edit indexes of web pages that match, or link with, keywords typed in a search window

search engine

an internet tool that computer generates indexes of web pages that match, or link with, keywords typed in a search window

variable

anything that can change

self-selected sample

attracts the most committed, aroused, or motivated individuals to fill out surveys on their own and answer polling questions

ad populum fallacy

basing a claim on popular opinion

demographics

characteristics such as age, gender, culture, and ethnicity, and group affiliations

reliability

consistency

evidence

consists of supporting materials just discussed whose purpose is to bolster claims that are controversial

hypothetical example

describes an imaginary situation, one that is concocted to make a point, illustrate an idea, or identify a general principle

fallacies

errors in evidence and reasoning

toulmin structure of argument

everyday reasoning

supporting materials

examples, statistics, and testimony used to bolster a speaker's viewpoint

generation gap

generalizations based on age

central idea

identifies the main concept, point, issue, or conclusion that you want the audience to understand, believe, or feel

general purpose

identifies the overall goal of your speech: it tells the audience why you're giving the speech

argument

implicitly or explicitly presents a claim and provides support for that claim with reasoning and evidence

relevance

it must relate directly to those claims, or the claims are unwarranted

random sample

portion of the population chosen in such a manner that every member of the entire population has an equal chance of getting selected

testimonial

praising a product that you have used

credibility

reliability and validity

topical pattern

shapes information according to types, classifications, or parts of a whole (to explain the three types of prisons in the united states)

value

the most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinking or behavior

reasoning

the thought process of drawing conclusions from supporting materials

belief

what a person thinks is true or probable

hasty generalization

when you draw a conclusion based on too few or unrepresentative samples

metasearch engine

will send your keyword request to several search engines at once


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