Chapter-12 Nutrition
which of the following is a feature of magnesium nutrition? -toxicity is common in people taking diuretics -high intakes interfere with the stability of tooth enamel -the amounts present in hard water are poorly utilized -average intakes from food are below recommendations
-average intakes from food are below recommendations
approximately what percentage of the body's calcium is found in the blood?
1
what is the tolerable upper intake level for salt?
1 teaspoon
the average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately what?
1.5 to 2.5 liters
The development of osteoporosis in men typically occurs at what age in relation to the appearance of osteoporosis in women? -3 years later -10 years later -About the same -4 years earlier
10 years later
what is the calcium adequate intake for young adults?
1000 mg
To minimize the risk of calcium toxicity, total daily intakes should be held to a maximum of -500 mg. -1,000 mg. -2,500 mg. -5,000 mg.
2,500 mg
Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive? -10 -25 -50 -100
25
the incidence of death within ! year of sustaining a hip fracture is about: -2% -6% 14% -25%
25%
which of the following ages is typically associated with people having the densest bones? -15 -28 -35 -46
28
A persons highest bone density is achieved by age: -18 -30 -55 -70
30
At what age do adult normally begin to loose bone mass?
30-40 yrs
how much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed b a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1000g? -100 -300 -600 -950
300
Approximately how many people in the US are afflicted with osteoporosis?
50 million
the magnesium present in mineral water has a bioavailability of about: -5% -25% -50% -90%
50%
For optimal utilization of calcium supplements, it is best to take them several times a day, in doses up to -100 mg. -200 mg. -500 mg. -800 mg.
500 mg
for every man who has type 1 osteoporosis. about how many women have it? -2 -3 -4 -6
6
What percentage of people with osteoporosis are female?
80
what percentage of hip fractures in me and women are due to osteoporosis? 40-50 60-75 80-90 100
80-90
Among the calcium supplements, which is most calcium dense? -calcium citrate -calcium lactate -calcium carbonate -calcium gluconate
calcium carbonate
Among the following calcium supplements, which contains the lowest percentage of calcium? -Calcium citrate -Calcium lactate -Calcium carbonate -Calcium gluconate
calcium gluconate
Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis is often reject because it may increase risk for ____.
cancer
which of the following is a major function of magnesium? -transport of oxygen -prevention of anemia -catalyst in energy metabolism - production of thyroid hormone
catalyst in energy metabolism
ions that carry a positive charge are called:
cations
what is the major extracellular anion? -sodium -chloride -lactate -sulfate
chloride
Which of the following is a feature of calcium supplements? -Common antacids are used as a source of calcium -The bioavailability of calcium from most supplements is significantly lower than from milk -There are large differences in the efficiency of calcium absorption from various supplements -The calcium in supplements made from oyster shell and bone meal is more absorbable than the calcium in calcium citrate and calcium lactate
common antacids are used as a source of calcium
All of the following are known to have HIGH correlation with risk for osteoporosis EXCEPT: -being thin -being female -having anorexia -consuming a high protein diet
consuming a high protein diet
The outer, hard shell of bone is called? -cortical -dolomitic -trabecular -hydroxyl
cortical
which of the following is a feature of magnesium nutrition? -the average body contains about 100g -blood is a major reservoir of the mineral -deficiency is associated with hypertension -dietary intake data are the sum of the amounts from food and water
deficiency is associated with hypertension
Which of the following is NOT a feature of body weight and bone health? -Weight loss adversely affects bone density -Negative energy balance typically reduces calcium absorption -A low-calcium diet promotes similar bone loss in normal and overweight people -People with BMIs over 30 have denser bones than their counterparts with BMIs around 25
a low calcium diet promotes similar bone loss in normal and overweight people
What is most likely to occur when a calcium supplement and an iron supplement are taken simultaneously? -Absorption of iron is reduced -Absorption of iron is improved -Excretion of iron in the urine is reduced -Excretion of iron in the urine is enhanced
absorption of iron is reduced
what is the function of renin? -activates angiotensin -activates antidiuretic hormone -stimulates thirst mechanism -stimulates water absorption in GI tract
activates angiotensin
which of the following is the primary function of potassium? -protects bone structures against degeneration -acts as principal intracellular electrolyte -participates in wound healing -helps maintain gastric acidity
acts a principal intracellular electrolyte
among the following ethnic groups, which has the highest bone density? -japanese -caucasian -african american -south american hispanic
african american
the strongest predictor of loss of bone density is a person's -sex -age -calcium intake -blood estrogen level
age
Protective factor for osteoporosis include all of the following except: -obesity -female gender -moderate alcohol intake -having african american heritage
b
which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition? -dietary sources include fresh vegetables -dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown -absorption is known to be reduced by soft drink consumption -its participation in bone synthesis requires equivalent intake of dietary calcium
dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
Anabolic drug treatments for osteoporosis work chiefly by: -stimulating estrogen release -enhancing osteoblast activity -stimulating calcium absorption -reducing renal calcium excretion
enhancing osteoblastic activity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of alcohol and bone health? -Alcohol intake promotes urinary calcium loss -Even moderate alcohol intake reduces bone density -Bone breakdown is enhanced from excess alcohol consumption -Hormones involved in bone maintenance are adversely affected by alcohol intake
even moderate alcohol intake reduces bone density
In what decade of life does osteoporosis first begin in men and women? -fourth -fifth -sixth -seventh
fourth
what is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body? -Activates andiotensin -activates angiotensinogen -helps with gastric digestion -helps maintain acid-base balance
helps maintain acid-base balance
Which of the following is not known to be a risk factor for osteoporosis in men? -high BMI -alcohol abuse -corticosteroid use -low testosterone levels
high bmi
common side effects of taking a high does calcium supplement include all of the following except: -constipation -excessive gas -intestinal bloating -increased iron absorption
increased iron absorption
Antiresorptive drug treatments for osteoporosis work primarily by -stimulating parathormone release. -inhibiting kidney excretion of calcium. -stimulating intestinal calcium absorption. -inhibiting the activities of the bone-degrading cells.
inhibiting the activities of the bone degrading cells
which of the following is feature of phosphorus? -involved in energy exchange -activates fat soluble vitamins -ranks lowest among the minerals in amount present in the body -ranks highest among the minerals in amount present in the body
involved in energy exchange
Which of the following is a feature of type 1 osteoporosis? -it shows onset after 70 years of age -it can be prevented by taking estrogen -it leads to formation of the dowger's hump -its prevalence is similar between males and females
it can be prevented by taking estrogen
which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis? -it is most common in men over 45 years of age -it has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels - it results from short term deprivation of dietary calcium -it causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathromone and calcitonin
it has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
how does the antidiuretic hormone function? -it activates renin -it activates angiotension -it stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys -it stimulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys
it stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
which of the following minerals is reacquired in the enzyme phosphorylation of ADP? -iron -copper -sodium -magnesium
magnesium
A friend shows you a newspaper article titled "Magnesium's Role in ATP Synthesis." You explain that: -magnesium does not play a role in ATP synthesis. -it is not magnesium but manganese that plays the role in ATP synthesis. -magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP. -there are three magnesium groups within the ATP structure that help it do its work.
magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reactions that adds the last phosphate to ATP
What does a DEXA scan measure?
bone density
where is the majority of the body's magnesium found? -bones -teeth -fatty tissue -cells of soft tissue
bones
all of the following characteristics are shared by calcium and magnesium EXCEPT -both are involved in blood clotting -both are involved in bone formation -both are found in abundance in dairy products -both may result in tetany when blood levels become abnormally low
both are found in bone formation
which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium? -milk -spinach -broccoli -pinto beans
broccoli
Which of the following is a feature of physical activity and bone health? -Dancing is not an effective activity for helping maintain bone density -Weight training improves bone density in young but not older women -Working the muscles places stress on bones which promotes bone density -Weight-bearing activities are effective in maintaining bone mass in adults but not in adolescents
c
how much sodium is contained in a fast food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5g? -2,500 mg -100 mg -125 mg -1,000 mg
1,000 mg
what minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite? 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8
1-2
what percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food? -50 -80 -0 -10
10
what is the minimum water intake for 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500? -250 mL -650 mL -1,250 mL -2,500 mL
2,500 mL
approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism? -100 -250 -500 -750
250
what is the minimum level of body weight loss as water impairs a person's physical performance?
3-4%
what fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?
3/4
Approximately how much water is in a loaf of bread?
35% of the loaf
the approximate percentage of water in pizza is -5 -15 -30 -45
45
Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam's restriction? -8 -6.5 -5 -9.5
5
what is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?
500 mL
Certain green leafy vegetables have a very low calcium bioavailability due to the presence of -low calcium content -low vitamin d content -naturally occurring binders -high magnesium content, which lowers calcium absorption
naturally occurring binders
among the following calcium supplements, which is most likely to be contaminated with toxic minerals? -oyster shells -calcium lactate -calcium citrate -calcium carbonate
oyster shells
as far as it is known which of the following is not a process the directly involves calcium? -pH regulation -blood clotting -nerve transmission -maintenance of heart beat
pH regulation
Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods nor supplements of calcium. Which of the following is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range? -Calcitonin -Calmodulin -Hydroxyapatite -Parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone
which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood? -dietary intake of calcium -glucagon and epinephrine -dietary intake of phosphorus -parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
which of the following minerals is LEAST likely to be deficient in anyone's diet? -iron -calcium -chromium -phosphorus
phosphorus
which of the following minerals is involved in the transportation of lipids through the body's lymph and blood systems? -iron -sodium -calcium -phosphorus
phosphorus
what component of soy is thought to account for most of its beneficial effects on bone health? -fiber -protein -calcium -phytochemicals
phytochemicals
magnesium is known to be involved in all of the following EXCEPT: -blood clotting -muscle contraction -prevention of dental caries -production of red blood cells
production of red blood cells
all of the following are typical ingredients in and oral rehydration therapy formula EXCEPT: -protein -sugar -salt -water
protein
what is the major source of dietary sulfur? -fats -protein -mineral salts -carbohydrates
protein
Sulfur is present in practically all: -vitamins -proteins -fatty acids -carbohydrates
proteins
After age what is the next strongest risk factor for osteoporosis?
sex
All of the following are features of bone health and smoking EXCEPT: -bone density appears to recover in former smokers. -older smokers have less dense bones than older nonsmokers. -sedentary smokers have less dense bones than sedentary nonsmokers. -smokers adapt by increasing their calcium absorption and reducing their bone resorption rate.
smokers adapt by increasing their calcium absorption and reducing their bone resorption rate
hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of: -aldosterone -sodium -chloride -renin
sodium
what is the major extracellular cation? -potassium -protein -sulfate -sodium
sodium
which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water? -sodium -calcium -magnesium -phosphorus
sodium
all of the following are good plant sources of calcium for the body EXECPT: -spinach -almonds -corn tortillas -sesame seeds
spinach
which of the following green vegetables shows the lowest bioavaliability of calcium? -Kale -Spinach -Broccoli -Mustard greens
spinach
The most common fracture site of osteoporosis type 1 are: -spine and wrist -hip and femur -neck and shoulder -elbow and knee
spine and wrist
which of the following is a function of trabecular bone? -synthesis of vitamin D -synthesis of calcitonin -storage site for calcium -storage sites for vitamin D
storage site for calcium
some amino acids can link to each other by bridges made of: -sulfur -calcium -chloride -magnesium
sulfur
Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium supplement use? -Taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium -Taking them with iron supplements enhances absorption of iron -Supplements of calcium carbonate show higher bioavailability than calcium citrate -Small pills containing a large amount of calcium salt show faster dissolution in the stomach
taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium
All of the following are known to have high sulfur content EXCEPT: -skin -hair -teeth -nails
teeth
the primary mechanism by which soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis is related to? -greater kidney retention of calcium -the presence of bioavailable calcium -more stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation -the estrogen-like activity of soy phytochemicals
the estrogen like activity of soy phytochemicals
Which of the following is characteristic of calcium nutrition in teenagers? -The recommended intake is higher for girls than boys -The recommended intake is 800-1,000 mg for this population group -The intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food -The dietary intakes of calcium are similar for girls and boys of this population group
the intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they often eat more food
all of the following are characteristics of phosphorus in nutrition EXCEPT -high dietary intakes have no adverse effects -about 85% of the body's phosphorus is located in bones and teeth -the phosphoric acid in cola drinks has little effect on bone content -the ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance
the ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance
all of the following are characteristics of dolomite supplements EXCEPT: -efficiency of absorption -they are usually sold as very pure product -they contain both calcium and magnesium -they are commonly extracted from limestone
they are usually sold as a very pure product
why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity? -they suppress the thirst mechanism -they may lead to complete kidney failure -they can induce dehydration -they can reduce blood glucose concentration
they can induce dehydration
Which of the following best explains why Asians from Japan and China show fewer bone fractures than do Caucasians and Hispanic people? -They have denser bones -They have small, compact, hips -They have higher calcium intakes -They use less tobacco and alcohol
they have small compact hips
the normal blood pH range is approximately ____
7.35-7.45
approximately how much water is found in a 134 lb person? 34 65 80 105
80 lb
which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution? -vigorously shake a mixture of corn oil and water -dissolve a pinch of corn starch in a glass of water -vigorously shake a pinch of table sugar in warm water -dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water
dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water
which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals? -soft water -hard water -natural water -distilled water
distilled water
In a normal individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt? -equilibrium -strong positive balance -moderal positive balance -sight positive balance
equilibrium
among the following, which promotes constriction of blood vessels resulting in elevation of blood pressure? -phytates -angitensin -aldosterone -carbonic acid
angiotensin
what pituitary hormone regulates kidney water retention ?
antidiuretic hormone
which of the following is a feature of water? -not a virtual nutrient -not found in foods -oxidized to yield energy -generated from oxidation of energy nutrients
generated from oxidation of energy nutrients
Which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance? -Caffeine inhibits water absorption from the GI tract -Caffeine is known to act as a diuretic only when consumed as coffee or tea -Regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention of the interstitial fluid volume -Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages
habitual consumers of caffeine loose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting non caffeinated beverages
Which of the following is a major function of chloride? -helps maintain gastric acidity -participates in wound healing -protects bone structures against degeneration -acts a principal intracellular degeneration
helps maintain gastric acidity
Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk? -Rickets -Arthritis -Low blood pressure -High blood pressure
high blood pressure
what is another term for hypertension?
high blood pressure
which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body? -high blood calcium levels correlate with tetany -abnormal dietary calcium intakes promote calcium rigor -higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness -efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is similar for children and adults
high calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness
What of the following is a feature of sodium and health? -high sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion -sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure -high sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people -salt sensitivity is generally rare in AA
high sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion
where is interstitial water found? -within cells -between cells -within lungs -within blood vessels
between cells
which of the following events is specific to a salt sensitive individual? -immune system is activated when salt intake increases -thirst response is activated upon consumption of sodium rich foods -muscle craps occur when body sodium becomes depleted -blood pressure increases as salt intake rises
blood pressure increases as salt intake rises
The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent: -dehydration -constipation -osteoporosis -hypertension
hypertension
habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate: -scurry -diabetes -hypertension -megaloblastic anemia
hypertension
Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as? -hypertension -hyponatremia -hyperkalemia -water intoxication
hyponatremia
what adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity? -metabolic alkalosis -elevated blood sodium -hyponatremia -dehydration
hyponatremia
which of the following body structures help regulate thirst? -brain stem -cerebellum -optic nerve -hypothalamus
hypothalamus
What is calmodulin? -A calcium binding protein -A drug that treats osteoporosis -A calcium supplement with high bioavailability -a form of calcium used in fortifying soy products
a calcium binding protein
what is the sodium potassium pump? -a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell -a mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the circulation -a mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order to regulate organic acid concentration -a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell
a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pup sodium out of the cell
factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance include all the following EXCEPT: -adrenaline -aldosterone -angiotensin -antidiuretic hormone
adrenaline
which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body? -sodium -chloride -potassium -calcium
calcium
the muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium level in the blood is termed? -calcium rigor -calcium tetany -myosinotoxicosis -calmodulin dysfunction
calcium rigor
which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements? -can cause toxicity -should always be taken with diuretics -necessary in treatment of low blood pressure -absorption of the mineral decreases remarkably as intake increases
can cause toxicity
salt sensitive population groups include all the following except: -caucasians -people with obesity -people with diabetes -african americans
caucasians
which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium? -fruits -breads -enriched grains -certain green vegetables
certain green vegetables
which of the following is NOT among the common food source of potassium? -cheeses -potatoes -fresh fruits -orange juice
cheeses
among the following groups, which was the highest percentage of body water? -elderly -children -obese people -female adolescents
children
which of following minerals would a bulimia nervosa patient be likely to loose in the greatest amount? -Calcium -Chloride -Potassium -Phosphorous
chloride
which of the following represents the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level? -disease of the liver -disease of the kidney -insufficient dietary intake -altered secretion of parathyroid hormone
insufficient dietary intake
normally what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day? -excretion is higher -intake and excretion are equal -excretion if unrelated to intake -intake is higher
intake and excretion are equal
in the body, water the resides between cells is known as?
interstitial fluid
Calcium-binding protein acts with: -kidneys -intestine -cortical bone -trabecular bone
intestines
Which of the following is NOT a feature of potassium deficiency? -It leads to hyperglycemia -It leads to higher blood pressure -It can be prevented by consumption of potatoes -It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources
it is common due to availability of only a few good food sources
which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL? -calcium tetany -atrophic gastritis -Vitamin D deficiency -kidney stone formation
kidney stone formation
what organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance? -stomach -kidneys -liver -skin
kidneys
what organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids? -liver -heart -kidneys -skeletal muscle
kidneys
calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of: -fiber -lactose -phytic acid -oxalic acid
lactose
All the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except: -high fiber diet -lactose in the diet - phytic acid in the diet -phosphorous in the diet at a level of 3 times that of calcium
lactose in the diet
Which of the following is a feature of potassium? -It is unrelated to blood pressure -Liberal intakes may correct hypertension -Major dietary sources are processed foods -Deficiencies are usually the result of deficient intakes
liberal intakes may correct hypertension
All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance EXCEPT: -liver -lungs -kidneys -blood buffers
liver
which of the following is a sympotm of potassium deficiency? -extreme thirst -muscle weakness -profound sweating -lowered blood pressure
muscle weakness
what is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is in more concentration? -buffer action -permeable selectivity -electrolyte imbalance -osmotic pressure
osmotic pressure
what is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane? -hypotension -osmotic pressure -hypertonic pressure -hypertension
osmotic pressure
All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract EXCEPT: -lactose -oxalates -pregnancy -stomach acid
oxalates
All of the following are common participants in the regulation of blood fluid pH EXCEPT: -oxalic acid -bicarbonate -carbonic acid -proteins
oxalic acid
what is the major intracellular anion? -protein -sodium -phosphate -bicarbonate
phosphate
what is the major intracellular cation? -phosphate -potassium -calcium -sodium
potassium
what is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet? -processed foods -unprocessed foods -salt added during cooking and then at the table -natural salt content foods
processed foods
All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition EXCEPT: -processed foods are a major source. -high intakes may protect against stroke. -per serving size, legumes are a rich source. -per serving size, bananas are a rich source.
processed foods are major source
Almost all (99%) of the calcium -provide energy for cells. -provide rigidity for the bones and teeth. -regulate the transmission of nerve impulses. -maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.
provide rigidity for the bones and teeth
aldosterone and renin each function to promote? -electrolyte balance -retention of sodium -excretion of calcium -constriction of blood vessels
retention of sodium
which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed food? -processed foods contribute less than half of the sodium in our diets -instant chocolate pudding is sodium food -dairy products and meats represent major sources of sodium in our diets -salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis
salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis
when a person looses fluid by sweating of bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity? -sodium and chloride -bicarbonate and sulfate -calcium and magnesium -potassium and phosphate
sodium and chloride
which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body? -lubricant -source of energy -maintains protein structure -participant in chemical reactions
source of energy
all of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration EXCEPT? -thirst -fatigue -weakness -spastic muscles
spastic muscles
Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates? -seeds and nuts -processed cheeses -fermented dairy products -spinach and sweet potatoes
spinach and sweet potatoes
which of the following is a feature of sodium nutrition? -it has no AI because diets rarely lack sodium -it has no AI because the kidneys are highly efficient at regulating sodium balance -the AI is 3 g, an amount that has been shown to have little or no effect on blood pressure -the AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body possesses an unusually efficient retention mechanism
the AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body posses an unusually efficient retention mechanism
What is hydroxyapatite? -Abnormal cellular structures seen in osteoporosis -The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones -A calcium regulatory hormone secreted from the trabeculae region of bone -A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption
the calcium rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
all of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition EXCEPT: -intake is related in large part to sodium intake -it is necessary for maintaining electrolyte balance of body fluids -the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg of body weight -deficiencies are extremely rare
the recommended intake as recently been set at 10 mg/kg of body weight
all of the following are properties of electrolytes except? -they attract water -they are charge particles -they carry electrical current -they include fat soluble as well as water soluble particles
they include fat soluble as well as water soluble particles
Which of the following people are at known risk for potassium depletion? -Athletes who are bodybuilders -Construction workers in cold climates -Those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables -Those who consume insufficient amounts of salted foods
those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/veggies
what is the body's most indispensable nutrient?
water
which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body? -Iron -Water -Protein -Calcium
water
which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition? -water intoxication is rare but can result in death -water losses from the body are highest through the feces -chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer -soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium and calcium
water intoxication is rare but can result in death
On a per kcalorie basis, which of the following are the best sources of calcium? -meats -fruits -breads -veggies
veggies
The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed? -Life supporting fluid loss -Mandatory water fraction -obligatory water excretion -minimum daily water requirement
obligatory water excretion
which of the following is a general property of the minerals? -when a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash -minerals in food can be degraded by certain processing methods -some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light -absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals
when food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
