Chapter 12: Population Growth & Aging
Social Security
also called "old age, survivors, disability, and health insurance" a federal program that protects against loss of income due to retirement, disability, or even death
Why is Social Security important for elderly?
because it's their major source of family income for most older americans. For over half, it provides more than half of their income. Without social security income, nearly half of all seniors would be living in poverty
population momentum
continued population growth as a result of past high fertility rates that have resulted in a large number of young woman who are currently entering their childbearing years
club sandwich generation
includes adults who are taking care of their aging parents, adult children, and grandchildren. Or adults who are caring for their own young children, aging parents, and grandparents
What is the leading cause of mortality for reproductive age women in the developing world
maternal deaths
ageism
negative stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination based on a person's or group's perceived chronological age.
What are the two contradictory patterns about population size trends?
1) the total number of people on this planet is rising and is expected to continue to increase in the upcoming decades. 2) fertility rates are so low in come countries that the countries populations are likely to decline over the coming years.
retirement plans
1) traditional pensions (defined benefit) 2) defined contribution
What is filial piety?
A chinese culture which entails to respecting, obeying, pleasing, and offering support and care to parents
What is the world's top environmental problem?
According to United Nations Environment Programme. it's overpopulation, followed by climate change, and the need to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy resources
What kind os "ism" such as sexism, racism, or heterosexism is more widely accepted?
Ageism because it's embedded into our culture and everyone is vulnerable to ageism if they live long enough
What is the world's most populated country?
China 1/5 people live there, By 2015 India will become the most populated country
Family Support Agreement
In china, a voluntary contract between older parents and adult children that specifies the details of how the adult children will provide parental care
What does population growth have a demand on?
Increased demand on natural resources, such as forests, water, cropland, and oil, and results in increased waste and pollution
How did the Industrial Revolution improve the way of living for the world's population?
It brought clean food & water, provided housing and sanitation, and advanced medical technology
Fundings for Social Security
Social Security is funded by workers through a payroll tax called Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA)
pronatalism
a cultural value that promotes having children in symbolic interactionist perspective
sandwich generation
a generation of people who care for their aging parents while also taking care of their own children
What is the globally working age?
ages 15-64
What is the USA working age?
ages 20-64
International Planned Parenthood Federation
non-governmental organization sought to lower fertility through family planning programs that provide reproductive health services and access to contraceptive info and methods.
ageism by invisibility
occurs when older adults are not included in advertising and educational materials
What factors threaten the long term ability of social security?
retirement of baby boomers, increasing longevity, the declining elderly support ratio, widening wage inequality, high rates of unemployment, and wage stagnation
demographic transition theory
structural functionalist theory that attributes population growth patterns to changes in birth rates and death rates associated with the process of industrialization
total fertility rates
the average lifetime number of births per woman in a population
enviornmental footprint
the demands that humanity makes on the earth's natural resources. The economic footprint of an average person in a high-income country is much larger than that of someone in a low-income country.
baby boomers
the generation of americans born between 1946-1964, a period of high birth rates
replacement-level fertility
the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next
elderly support ratio
the ratio of working-age adults 15-64, to adults ages 65 and older in a population
What is the cause of the aging of the population?
the result of both increased longevity and declining fertility rates
doubling time
the time required for a population to double in size from a given base year if the current rate of growth continues