Chapter 12 "Problem Solving"

analogical paradox refers to problem solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving ..

reorganization or restructuring

the circle problem, was proposed to illustrate ..

representation and restructuring

not true about divergent thinking

it has a single correct answer

______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving

Gestalt Psychologists

Amber continuing to take the street to the north represents..

a mental set

ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

Kaplan & Simon participants in the ______ group had the fastest response time

bread and butter

Dr. Curious studying the effect of ____ on problem solving Shoe problem

analogies

texts discussion of research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ___ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems

analogies

radiation problem was used in text to illustrate role of ___ in problem solving

analogy

which of statement does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems

being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

the typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

when the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which represented the mapping step of this process

connecting the fortress with the tumor

intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

apollo 13

creative cognition

in the two string problem, tying pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________

intermediate

Metcalfe & Wiebe "warmth judgement" the purpose of the experiment was to..

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

Ali @ Citrus Squeeze - use of cartons represents ..

divergent thinking

text identifies scientist who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. this particular discussion suggests that ___ may be more important than ______ in creative thinking

flexibility; experience

holyoak/koh found the ___ version to be more effective, because it had ____ feature in common with the radiation problem

fragile-glass; structural

textbook suggests that a trait appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ________.

latent inhibition

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preventive objects if they

made the objects themselves

solution to the candle problem involves realizing that

match box can be used as a shelf

warmth judgements on nearness to a solution _______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _____ prior to solution of a non-insight problem

rise suddenly; gradually rise

analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious the _____ problem

russian marriage

Newell & Simon their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves ... information processing approaching involves ..

search

water jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to problems

considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the ____ problem

source

people are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on fortress/tumor problem have different _____

structural features

Genter/Goldinmeadow illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ___ features that ____ ability to solve problems

structural;enhance

A _______ string led to a restructured representation in the two string problem

swinging

experts ___ than novices

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

in analogical problem solving, the ____ problem is the problem that the individual is trying to solve, and the ______ problem is used as a guide for reaching that solution

target; source

illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. she attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. how will she retrieve the book? psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious

insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problems solution

which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem

two-string problem

best example of functional fixedness

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Kaplan & Simon main purpose of experiment was to demonstrate

way problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is they they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

holly in the kitchen with the missing ladle Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by what obstacle?

functional fixedness

experts categorize problems based on ..

general principles that problems share

elements of the problem space include the following EXCEPT

goal state

Phoenix decorating company

group brainstorming

which is not part of a complete definition of a problem

has one correct answer

brainstorming session in a department than than artificial lab setting. analyzes, records, identifies. research is an example of what

in vivo problem solving

tower of hanoi problem, the ____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty

initial

Newell & Simon - called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the ___

initial state

Gick/Holyoak consider what to be the most difficult step to achieve in analogical problem solving

noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most of the participants need prompting before the notice a connection

gick/holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves what three steps

noticing, mapping, and applying

function fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Finke used the term pre-inventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described

actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators