Chapter 12 "Problem Solving"
analogical paradox refers to problem solving differences between
laboratory and real-world settings
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving ..
reorganization or restructuring
the circle problem, was proposed to illustrate ..
representation and restructuring
not true about divergent thinking
it has a single correct answer
______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving
Gestalt Psychologists
Amber continuing to take the street to the north represents..
a mental set
ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as
analogical transfer
Kaplan & Simon participants in the ______ group had the fastest response time
bread and butter
Dr. Curious studying the effect of ____ on problem solving Shoe problem
analogies
texts discussion of research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ___ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems
analogies
radiation problem was used in text to illustrate role of ___ in problem solving
analogy
which of statement does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems
being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field
the typical purpose of subgoals is to
bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
when the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which represented the mapping step of this process
connecting the fortress with the tumor
intermediate states can be created by
creating subgoals
apollo 13
creative cognition
in the two string problem, tying pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________
intermediate
Metcalfe & Wiebe "warmth judgement" the purpose of the experiment was to..
demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems
Ali @ Citrus Squeeze - use of cartons represents ..
divergent thinking
text identifies scientist who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. this particular discussion suggests that ___ may be more important than ______ in creative thinking
flexibility; experience
holyoak/koh found the ___ version to be more effective, because it had ____ feature in common with the radiation problem
fragile-glass; structural
textbook suggests that a trait appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ________.
latent inhibition
Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preventive objects if they
made the objects themselves
solution to the candle problem involves realizing that
match box can be used as a shelf
warmth judgements on nearness to a solution _______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _____ prior to solution of a non-insight problem
rise suddenly; gradually rise
analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious the _____ problem
russian marriage
Newell & Simon their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves ... information processing approaching involves ..
search
water jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from
seeing more efficient solutions to problems
considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the ____ problem
source
people are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on fortress/tumor problem have different _____
structural features
Genter/Goldinmeadow illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ___ features that ____ ability to solve problems
structural;enhance
A _______ string led to a restructured representation in the two string problem
swinging
experts ___ than novices
take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem
in analogical problem solving, the ____ problem is the problem that the individual is trying to solve, and the ______ problem is used as a guide for reaching that solution
target; source
illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if
the box is empty
Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. she attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. how will she retrieve the book? psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because
the solution is immediately obvious
insight refers to
the sudden realization of a problems solution
which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem
two-string problem
best example of functional fixedness
using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
Kaplan & Simon main purpose of experiment was to demonstrate
way problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving
best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is they they are used to determine
what information a person is attending to while solving a problem
holly in the kitchen with the missing ladle Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by what obstacle?
functional fixedness
experts categorize problems based on ..
general principles that problems share
elements of the problem space include the following EXCEPT
goal state
Phoenix decorating company
group brainstorming
which is not part of a complete definition of a problem
has one correct answer
brainstorming session in a department than than artificial lab setting. analyzes, records, identifies. research is an example of what
in vivo problem solving
tower of hanoi problem, the ____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty
initial
Newell & Simon - called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the ___
initial state
Gick/Holyoak consider what to be the most difficult step to achieve in analogical problem solving
noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most of the participants need prompting before the notice a connection
gick/holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves what three steps
noticing, mapping, and applying
function fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)
novel object
Finke used the term pre-inventive forms to describe the
novel objects before a function was described
actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as
operators