chapter 12 psychological disorders

behavioral approach

an approach to understanding depression argues that stresses of life produce a reduction in positive reinforcers that can lead to major depression

true statements in regards with schizophrenia

- It is characterized by disordered thought -It is a serious psychological disorder -A common cause of relapse is failure to take medications -characterized by impulsivity -more commonly diagnosed in men than women -characterized by failure to conform to social norms or obey the law

What are the reasons somebody may develop a dissociative disorder

- to keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness -to keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness

examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia

-Hallucinations -Delusions

disorders related to obsessive compulsive-disorder

-Hoarding behavior disorder -Excoriation -Trichotillomania

what is true regarding the DSM-5

-It is the product of a 14 year revision revision -It is published by the American Psychiatric Association -There are 12 types of anxiety disorders

causes of PTSD

-a historic traumatic event -exposure to a traumatic event -genetic predisposition

three criteria of abnormal behavior

-behavior is maladaptive -Behavior is personally stressful -Behavior is deviant

the three most common eating disorders

-binge eating -bulimia nervosa -anorexia nervosa

true factors of schizophrenia

-biological disposition -problems in neurotransmitters -extreme environmental stressors

individuals with psychological disorders must do what to overcome stigma

-carry on despite their disorder(s) -confront their disorder(s) -recognize their strengths

true statements about antisocial personality disorder

-characterized by failure to conform to social norms or obey the law -characterized by impulsivity -more commonly diagnosed in men than women

characteristics of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

-decision-making problems -attention problems -memory problems

features of the biological approach to psychological disorders

-individuals are treated by doctors -this is the medical model -medications are often prescribed

what makes anxiety disorders different from the normal experience of anxiety.

-it may involve anxiety disproportionate to the actual danger a person might be in -It may involve a diffuse feeling of dread

biological explanations of mood disorders

-neurophysiological abnormality -hormonal factors -neurotransmitter deregulation -heredity

symptoms of PTSD

-problems with memory and concentration -impulsive outbursts of behavior -flashbacks

factors that contribute to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa

-social -biological -genes

causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder

-there is a genetic component -It can occur during a period of life stress -There is a depletion of the neurotransmitter serotonin

true statements about personality disorders

-they are longstanding and maladaptive -They are relatively common -They are difficult to treat

a person with schizophrenia might display these following disturbances of movement

-unusual mannerism -immobile facial expressions -catatonia

the psychological approach

focuses on the contributions of experience, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics to explain disorders.

the DSM-5

It's used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment.

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that takes the form of discrete attacks involving difficulty breathing lasting from a few seconds to as long as several hours

personality disorder

a disorder characterized by set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society

depressive disorder

a situation in which a person suffers from an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life

learned helplessness

according to Seligman's (1975) research, when a person encounters an aversive stimulus that they are unable to avoid, they become apathetic

delusions

are firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality and they commonly occur with schizophrenia

dissociative disorder

are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's conscious experience

the biological approach to psychological disorders

attributes disorders to organic, internal causes

complaints of DSM-5

critics complain that it relies too much on the medical perspective and it treats psychological disorders as if they are physical illnessess

culture

establishes the norms by which people evaluate their own behavior

biopsychosocial perspective

involves factors such as interactions between other perspectives, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural

antisocial personality disorder

is a disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, and superficially charming -is characterized by failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, reckless disregard for the safety of self or others, and lack of remorse

bipolar disorder

is a mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings

specific phobia

is a psychological disorder where an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation

bulimia nervosa

is an eating disorder in which an individual engages in binging and purging behaviors

social phobia

is an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed around other people

dissociative identity disorder

is characterized by an individual having two or more distinct personalities

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away, and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome

dissociative amnesia

is characterized by extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress

generalized anxiety disorder

is characterized by long-term, persistent anxiety, and uncontrollable worry

anorexia nervosa

is to starvation, whereas bulimia nervosa is to binging and purging

the thought disorder

is used to describe incoherent, loose word associations that sometimes appear in the speech of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia

dissociation is thought to be a person's way of dealing with extreme stress by:

mentally protecting the conscious self from the traumatic event

Another name for dissociative identity disorder

multiple personality disorder

what disorder is characterized by the episodes involving the following symptoms: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and faintness

panic disorder

clinical psychologist Aaron Beck

proposed that faculty cognitions underlie people's depressed feelings

schizophrenia

refers to a disorder, or class of disorders, in which severe distortion of reality occurs

Psychosis

refers to a state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality. Symptoms of this severe state include delusions, hallucinations, and ideas of reference

the medical perspective or model

suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual

area of the brain involved with social anxiety disorder

the thalamus, the cerebral cortex, the amygdala

abnormal behavior is considered deviant

when it deviates from what is acceptable in a culture

abnormal behavior is often maladaptive

which means it interferes with one's ability to function in life effectively

the diagnosis of DID is rare and occurs mostly in

women