chapter 12 psychological disorders
behavioral approach
an approach to understanding depression argues that stresses of life produce a reduction in positive reinforcers that can lead to major depression
true statements in regards with schizophrenia
- It is characterized by disordered thought -It is a serious psychological disorder -A common cause of relapse is failure to take medications -characterized by impulsivity -more commonly diagnosed in men than women -characterized by failure to conform to social norms or obey the law
What are the reasons somebody may develop a dissociative disorder
- to keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness -to keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness
examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia
-Hallucinations -Delusions
disorders related to obsessive compulsive-disorder
-Hoarding behavior disorder -Excoriation -Trichotillomania
what is true regarding the DSM-5
-It is the product of a 14 year revision revision -It is published by the American Psychiatric Association -There are 12 types of anxiety disorders
causes of PTSD
-a historic traumatic event -exposure to a traumatic event -genetic predisposition
three criteria of abnormal behavior
-behavior is maladaptive -Behavior is personally stressful -Behavior is deviant
the three most common eating disorders
-binge eating -bulimia nervosa -anorexia nervosa
true factors of schizophrenia
-biological disposition -problems in neurotransmitters -extreme environmental stressors
individuals with psychological disorders must do what to overcome stigma
-carry on despite their disorder(s) -confront their disorder(s) -recognize their strengths
true statements about antisocial personality disorder
-characterized by failure to conform to social norms or obey the law -characterized by impulsivity -more commonly diagnosed in men than women
characteristics of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
-decision-making problems -attention problems -memory problems
features of the biological approach to psychological disorders
-individuals are treated by doctors -this is the medical model -medications are often prescribed
what makes anxiety disorders different from the normal experience of anxiety.
-it may involve anxiety disproportionate to the actual danger a person might be in -It may involve a diffuse feeling of dread
biological explanations of mood disorders
-neurophysiological abnormality -hormonal factors -neurotransmitter deregulation -heredity
symptoms of PTSD
-problems with memory and concentration -impulsive outbursts of behavior -flashbacks
factors that contribute to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa
-social -biological -genes
causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder
-there is a genetic component -It can occur during a period of life stress -There is a depletion of the neurotransmitter serotonin
true statements about personality disorders
-they are longstanding and maladaptive -They are relatively common -They are difficult to treat
a person with schizophrenia might display these following disturbances of movement
-unusual mannerism -immobile facial expressions -catatonia
the psychological approach
focuses on the contributions of experience, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics to explain disorders.
the DSM-5
It's used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment.
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder that takes the form of discrete attacks involving difficulty breathing lasting from a few seconds to as long as several hours
personality disorder
a disorder characterized by set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society
depressive disorder
a situation in which a person suffers from an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life
learned helplessness
according to Seligman's (1975) research, when a person encounters an aversive stimulus that they are unable to avoid, they become apathetic
delusions
are firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality and they commonly occur with schizophrenia
dissociative disorder
are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's conscious experience
the biological approach to psychological disorders
attributes disorders to organic, internal causes
complaints of DSM-5
critics complain that it relies too much on the medical perspective and it treats psychological disorders as if they are physical illnessess
culture
establishes the norms by which people evaluate their own behavior
biopsychosocial perspective
involves factors such as interactions between other perspectives, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural
antisocial personality disorder
is a disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, and superficially charming -is characterized by failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, reckless disregard for the safety of self or others, and lack of remorse
bipolar disorder
is a mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings
specific phobia
is a psychological disorder where an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation
bulimia nervosa
is an eating disorder in which an individual engages in binging and purging behaviors
social phobia
is an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed around other people
dissociative identity disorder
is characterized by an individual having two or more distinct personalities
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away, and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome
dissociative amnesia
is characterized by extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress
generalized anxiety disorder
is characterized by long-term, persistent anxiety, and uncontrollable worry
anorexia nervosa
is to starvation, whereas bulimia nervosa is to binging and purging
the thought disorder
is used to describe incoherent, loose word associations that sometimes appear in the speech of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia
dissociation is thought to be a person's way of dealing with extreme stress by:
mentally protecting the conscious self from the traumatic event
Another name for dissociative identity disorder
multiple personality disorder
what disorder is characterized by the episodes involving the following symptoms: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and faintness
panic disorder
clinical psychologist Aaron Beck
proposed that faculty cognitions underlie people's depressed feelings
schizophrenia
refers to a disorder, or class of disorders, in which severe distortion of reality occurs
Psychosis
refers to a state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality. Symptoms of this severe state include delusions, hallucinations, and ideas of reference
the medical perspective or model
suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual
area of the brain involved with social anxiety disorder
the thalamus, the cerebral cortex, the amygdala
abnormal behavior is considered deviant
when it deviates from what is acceptable in a culture
abnormal behavior is often maladaptive
which means it interferes with one's ability to function in life effectively
the diagnosis of DID is rare and occurs mostly in
women
