Chapter 12 (Spinal Cord) and 13

The prefix _________ means meninges.

mening-

The part of a spinal nerve that innervates the meninges is the ____________.

meningeal branch

What is the type of reflex represented by the pathway that includes A, D, and C? flexor reflex reciprocal inhibition stretch reflex cross-extension reflex

reciprocal inhibition

The letter E would represent which of the following muscles during the knee-jerk reflex? biceps femoris soleus tibialis anterior rectus femoris

rectus femoris

Which body locations typically lack proprioceptors? skeletal muscles connective tissues covering bones and muscles tendons and ligaments skin surface

skin surface

The ____________ division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle.

somatic motor

The prefix ___________ means body.

somato-

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________. superficial reflex flexor reflex stretch reflex tendon reflex

stretch reflex

Which of the receptor types shown here functions exclusively as a proprioceptor? B C D All of the listed responses are correct.

B

__________ MOSTLY do NOT exhibit the property of adaptation. Photoreceptors Sensory receptors Tonic receptors Phasic receptors

Tonic receptors

How do tracts and nerves differ? How do nuclei and ganglia differ? Tracts and nuclei are in the CNS; nerves and ganglia are in the PNS. Tracts and ganglia are in the CNS; nerves and nuclei are in the PNS. Nerves and ganglia are in the CNS; tracts and nuclei are in the PNS.

Tracts and nuclei are in the CNS; nerves and ganglia are in the PNS.

True or False: Phasic receptors adapt quickly to a stimulus. For that reason, they are good at detecting changes instead of constantly signaling the CNS.

True

What is a difference between tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles and tactile (Merkel) discs? Unlike Merkel discs, Meissner's corpuscles are surrounded (encapsulated) by connective tissue and Schwann cells. Unlike Merkel discs, Meissner's corpuscles detect light touch. Meissner's corpuscles are found in the skin. Merkel discs are found in muscles, ligaments, tendons, and joints. Meissner's corpuscles are classified as mechanoreceptors, while Merkel discs are classified as proprioceptors.

Unlike Merkel discs, Meissner's corpuscles are surrounded (encapsulated) by connective tissue and Schwann cells.

A Morton's (plantar) neuroma is a foot condition due to swelling of the common plantar digital nerve. It can cause excruciating pain felt between the third and fourth metatarsal bones when walking. Which of the following would NOT be a factor responsible for this disorder? nerve compression nerve irritation nerve thinning nerve injury

nerve thinning

The senses of taste and smell use ______________ to detect and process taste and smell information.

chemoreceptors

The prefix _________ means skull.

crani-

Nerves that emerge from the base of the brain and pass through the skull are _______ nerves.

cranial

What is the specific function of the structure labeled F? determine amount of muscle stretching determine muscle tension increase tension of the surrounding muscle increase tension of the antagonistic muscle

determine amount of muscle stretching

Which type of stimulus would activate nociceptors of the skin? a vibrating cell phone extreme cold warm bathtub water moderate sunlight exposure

extreme cold

In order for you to realize there has been a sensory change, it has to reach the __________ level of processing. receptor perceptual circuit abstraction

perceptual

The prefix _______ means light.

photo-

Receptors that respond to light are _____________.

photoreceptor

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc? interneurons sensory neurons receptors motor neurons

interneurons

What is the largest danger associated with a blood clot that's lodged in a cerebral artery? lack of oxygen brain hemorrhage increased intracranial pressure inadequate nutrients

lack of oxygen

What reaction would occur if the muscle labeled E were suddenly pulled longer? the contraction of the both muscles E and G the relaxation of muscle E the contraction of muscle E the relaxation of the both muscles E and G

the contraction of muscle E

The prefix _____ means chemical.

chem-

The synapse between which of the following two neurons is a part of a monosynaptic reflex arc? A and B B and C A and C A and D

A and B

Examine the cross section through the lumbar section of the spinal cord and the two patellar reflex pathways shown. Select the true statements (more than one) that identify these synapses. Afferent impulses synapse with motor neurons and interneurons. Afferent impulses synapse twice with motor neurons. Both pathways will activate muscles. Efferent impulses synapse twice with motor neurons. Both pathways will inhibit muscles. Pathways will activate one muscle and simultaneously inhibit its antagonist muscle. Efferent impulses synapse with motor neurons and interneurons.

Afferent impulses synapse with motor neurons and interneurons. Pathways will activate one muscle and simultaneously inhibit its antagonist muscle.

Which of these receptor types functions as an exteroceptor? C D E All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Examine and characterize the two motor pathways in the stretch patellar reflex. Alpha motor neurons send efferent messages to the quadriceps, while parallel efferent messages to the hamstrings are reduced. Alpha motor neurons send efferent messages to excite the quadriceps, and the hamstrings are reduced. Interneurons excite alpha motor neurons, which in turn excite the muscle. Alpha motor neurons activate the quadriceps. Once the quadriceps have contracted, alpha motor neurons inhibit the hamstrings.

Alpha motor neurons send efferent messages to the quadriceps, while parallel efferent messages to the hamstrings are reduced.

What is a benefit of a nerve plexus? A plexus does not allow for redistribution. Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region. The dorsal ramus can be distributed to many areas. They provide a straight path from the spinal cord to target muscles.

Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region.

Which of the receptor types contributes to the sense of touch by responding to light pressure? A B D E

E

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves? Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both. Nerves are covered by an outer sheath called the epineurium. Nerves are analogous to tracts in the CNS. Nerves do not contain cell bodies.

Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both.

__________ are receptors that can respond to painful stimuli. Chemoreceptors Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Nociceptors

Nociceptors

True or False: The sensory division of the PNS is also known as the efferent division.

False

Which is the true statement about the synapses in the spinal cord in the stretch reflex? Interneurons make inhibitory synapses with neurons that prevent contraction of the antagonist muscle. Polysynaptic interneurons first synapse with higher brain centers. The antagonist muscle is activated by increased frequency stimuli. Sensory neurons synapse with motor neuron interneurons to excite the extrafusal fibers of the stretched muscle.

Interneurons make inhibitory synapses with neurons that prevent contraction of the antagonist muscle.

How do proprioceptors help maintain body homeostasis? Proprioceptors detect pain so that the body can be alerted to dangerous stimuli, such as extreme temperatures or harmful chemicals. Proprioceptors are able to detect temperature so that the body can sweat or shiver if necessary. Proprioceptors help prevent prolonged exposure to harmful chemicals. Proprioceptors help prevent excessive stretching at the joints.

Proprioceptors help prevent excessive stretching at the joints.

A patient sustains a ventral horn injury to the lumbar region of the spine. This injury has damaged the cell bodies of several afferent nerves within the region. Predict how the patient's patellar reflex might be affected. The patient's patellar reflex would be hyperactive. The hamstring would relax, but the quadriceps would not contract. The patient's patellar reflex would be absent or weak. The quadriceps would contract, but the hamstring would not relax. Both the quadriceps and the hamstring would contract.

The patient's patellar reflex would be absent or weak.

Select the true statements (more than one) about the characteristics of sensory neurons in the stretch reflex. These sensory neurons transmit efferent impulses to antagonist muscles. When a stretch activates the muscle spindle, these sensory neurons transmit impulses at a higher frequency. These sensory neurons transmit afferent impulses toward the spinal cord (CNS). These sensory neurons typically transmit efferent impulses toward antagonist muscles. These sensory neurons transmit activating impulses via interneurons.

When a stretch activates the muscle spindle, these sensory neurons transmit impulses at a higher frequency. These sensory neurons transmit afferent impulses toward the spinal cord (CNS).

Classify the neuron at A. afferent motor neuron interneuron afferent sensory neuron efferent motor neuron

afferent sensory neuron

The prefix ____________ means spider.

arachn-

The meningeal layer resembling spider legs is the _______________.

arachnoid mater

Severe whiplash, or acceleration flexion-extension neck injury, may cause numbness, tingling, or weakness in an accident victim's arms. Most injuries happen in the C_5 and C_6 region. Which nerve plexus would this injury most likely involve? lumbar sacral cervical brachial

brachial

The prefix __________ means head.

cephal-

Evolutionary development of a head and brain containing neural and sensory organs is a process called _____________.

cephalization

The prefix __________ means brain or cerebrum.

cerebr-

Bleeding in the brain, known as a stroke, is more accurately called ______________________.

cerebrovascular accident

What part of the spinal cord represents an increase in cell body mass for upper limb control? cervical enlargement cauda equina lumbar enlargement conus medullaris

cervical enlargement

Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors? structural complexity the number of dendritic endings present the type of stimulus they detect location

the number of dendritic endings present

Why would imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) be recommended for a patient experiencing sudden aphasia? to rule out other causes of brain injury to ensure that the patient is not deaf to determine whether the patient's sight is also affected to assess limb movement response

to rule out other causes of brain injury