Chapter 12 - Substance Related+Addictive Disorders

Potentiation

Combination of the effects of two or more psychoactive substances such that the total effect is greater than the effect of either substance alone

Hashish

Containing a more potent form of THC, comes from the resins of the plant's flower

Hallucinogen Drugs

LSD Peyote Psilocybin (mushrooms) PCP (phencyclidine aka angel dust) MDMA (ecstasy)

Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics

-Sedatives have a calming effect on the central nervous system, ---Hypnotics induce sleep -Anxiolytics are anti-anxiety meds

4 categories of sx's clinicians diagnose substance use disorder by

1. Impaired control 2. Social impairment 3. Risky use 4. Pharmacological changes

Substance Use Disorder

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using a substance even though it causes significant problems in his or her life

Depressant

A psychoactive substance that causes the depression of central nervous system activity

Alcohol Effects - large amounts

Alcohol may lead drinkers to feel more outgoing, self-confident, and uninhibited

Psychological Treatment Options for Alcohol Dependencies

Cognitive-behavioral interventions Motivational approaches Expectancy manipulation Relapse prevention combined behavioral intervention

Retrograde Amnesia

Amnesia involving loss of memory for past events

Anterograde amnesia

Amnesia involving the inability to remember new information

Type Simulant Drugs

Amphetamine Methamphetamine Cocaine

Sedative, Hypnotic, Anxiolytic Medications

Benzodiazepines - Barbiturates, Non-Benzodiazepine sleep meds - Ambien, Lunesta, Sonata

Stimulants

Category of drugs that have an activating effect on the nervous system

Hallucinogens

Cause profound distortions in their perception of reality

Inhalants

Diverse group of substances that cause psychoactive effects by producing chemical vapors

Sociocultural Behaviors show what individuals behaviors?

Early neural dysfunction nervousness and fretfulness as infants Hyperactivity as children Poor physical coordination

Alcohol Effects

Effects the central nervous system

Wenicke's Disease

Form of aphasia in which the individual is able to produce language but has lost the ability to comprehend, so that these verbal productions have no meaning

Biological Factors to Alcohol Dependence

Genetic Factors (twins, family, adoption)

Alcohol Effects - Small Amounts

Has sedating effects leading users to feel relaxed

Opioid Drugs

Hydrocodone Oxycodone Morphine (before and after surgical procedures) Codeine (mild pain) Heroin (damage to the cardiovascular system, abscesses, and liver or kidney disease)

Sociocultural Theories

Include Family, community, & cultural stressors and Children of alcoholics both having greater risks

What does Cocaine affect?

It's a highly addictive central nervous system stimulant. Can be snorted, injected, or smoked. These effects include feelings of euphoria, heightened mental alertness, reduced fatigue, and heightened energy

Treatment Medications to prevent heroin relapse

Methadone - synthetic opioid that produces a safer and more controlled reaction than heroin and is used in treating heroin addiction Buprenorphine, and Naltrexone

PCP Symptoms

Mimic schizophrenia Mood disturbance Memory loss Difficulties with speech and thinking Weight loss Depression

Medications used for Alcohol Dependency

Naltrexone - blocks the effects of the body's production of alcohol-induced opioids, through involving dopamine Disulfiram - Known as Antabuse, used in the treatment of alcoholism that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and causes severe physical reactions when combined with alcohol Acamprosate - reduces the risk of relapse by reducing the individual's urge to drink and thereby reducing the drive to use alcohol as a way of reducing anxiety and other negative psychological states.

Long Terms Effect of Alcohol

Permanent brain damage Dementia Wenicke's Disease Korsakiff's syndrome

Korsakoff's syndrome

Permanent form of dementia associated with long-term alcohol use in which the individual develops retrograde and anterograde amnesia, leading to an inability to remember recent events or learn new information

Heavy and continued use of marijuana can lead to?

Producing effects on bodily functioning Lead to higher risk of heart attack Lead to impaired respiratory functioning

Alcohol Myopia Theory (psychological)

Proposes that as individuals consume greater amounts of alcohol, they are more likely to make risky choices because the immediate temptation of the moment overcomes the long-term consequences of the behavior

Dual- Process Theory (psychological)

Proposes there are automatic processes that generate an impulse to drink alcohol and controlled, effortful processing that regulates these automatic impulses

What does Methamphetamine affect?

Provokes more intense at the central nervous system and effects the autonomic nervous system (similar to amphetamine)

Marijuana

Psychoactive substance derived from the hemp plant whose primary active ingredient is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Treatments for substance dependence

Psychological - contingency management Biopsychosocial Perspective useful for understanding substance dependence, genetics, action of substance on the central nervous system Behavioral - involves CBT, Relapse Prevention, and Contingency Management

Nicotine

Stimulates the release of adrenaline

Opioids

Substance that relieves pain

What does Amphetamine affect?

The central nervous system and the autonomic nervous systems

Substance

a chemical that alters a person's mood or behavior when it is smoke, injected, drunk, inhaled, or swallowed in pill form

Evidence of Substance Abuse

failure to meet obligations, repeated use of substances in physically hazardous situations, cravings, interpersonal problems

Caffeine Withdrawals

headache tiredness sleepiness dysphoric mood difficulty concentrating depression irritability nausea vomiting muscle aches stiffness

Substance Abuse

maladaptive pattern of substance us occurring within a 12 month period that leads to significant impairment or distress

Most commonly used illicit drug

marijuana

Substance dependence

pattern of use manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and physiological sx's during a 12 month period and caused by continued use of substances

Withdrawal

physiological and psychological changes that occur when an individual stops using

Substance intoxication

temporary maladaptive experience

Tolerance

using more and more to achieve its desired effects