Chapter 12: "The Federalist Era"

Hamilton

"If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers, collecting taxes and regulating currency, and if the measures have an obvious relation to that end, and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution, it may safely be deemed to come within compass of the mutual authority." Which man, Hamilton or Jefferson, said this in support of the creation of a National Bank? (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Jefferson

"To take a single step beyond the boundaries especially drawn around the powers of Congress is to take possession of a boundless field of power, no longer susceptible of any definition." Which man, Hamilton or Jefferson, said this in opposition to the creation of a national bank? (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

states' rights

A doctrine asserting that the Constitution arose as a compact among sovereign states. The states therefore retained power to challenge and if necessary nullify federal laws. It was first formulated in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Northwest, neutral

A number of issues strained relations between the United States and Great Britain in the 1790s. The British still refused to evacuate forts in the _____________ Territory. In addition, British naval commanders seized _____________ ships trading with the French West Indies. This policy led to the seizure of some 250 American merchant ships. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Hamilton, Jefferson

Congress passed the bank bill over Madison's objections. Before signing the bill into law, Washington asked _____________ and _____________ to compose written opinions on the constitutionality of the bank bill. His request sparked America's first debate on constitutional interpretation: should there be a strict or broad interpretation of the Constitution? (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Jay's Treaty

Determined to avoid war with Great Britain in the 1790s, Washington send Chief Justice John Jay to London with orders to negotiate a treaty resolving the issues dividing the 2 countries. Jay brought back a treaty in which British promised to evacuate the Northwest forts and pay damages for seized American ships. However, they refused to renounce their right to make future seizures. Jay also agreed that the United States would pay the debts owed to British merchants on pre-Revolution accounts. What was this treaty, established in 1794? (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

"loose construction" theory

Hamilton's arguments for the creation of the national bank set this important precedent for the expansion of federal power when interpreting the Constitution. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

debt, state, liquor, tariffs, bank

Hamilton's financial program involved funding the federal _____________ at face value and with current holders of government bonds, assuming _____________ debts incurred during the Revolution, adopting an excise tax on _____________ to aid in raising revenue to fund this nation's debts, imposing _____________ on imported goods to raise revenue and to protect America's new industries, and chartering a national _____________ that would provide a stable currency and source of capital for loans to fund the development of business and commerce. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

finances, propertied, financial, agriculture

Hamilton's financial program wanted to strengthen national _____________ and promote economic growth, give the _____________ and _____________ classes a stake in the success of the new government, and move of the country away from its reliance on _____________ and toward an economy based on commerce and manufacturing. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Washington's Farewell Address

In this famous speech to the nation in 1796, Washington urged future American leaders to avoid forming permanent alliances with foreign nations. It had a significant impact upon American foreign policy. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

southern planters, Federalist, Democratic-Republican

Jay's Treaty also had significant domestic consequences. Led by Jefferson, _____________ vehemently opposed the treaty. They protested that it forced them to pay the lion's share of pre-Revolutionary debts while New England merchants collected damages from their seized ships. The ratification fight over Jay's Treaty played a key role in worsening the increasingly bitter disputes between Hamilton's _____________ supporters and Jefferson's _____________ supporters. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Great Britain, France, Spain, Pinckney's

Jay's Treaty had a number of important diplomatic consequences. It kept the peace with _____________, strained relations with _____________, and induced _____________ to agree to a surprisingly favorable treaty. The Spanish feared that Jay's Treaty foreshadowed an Anglo-American Alliance. They therefore signed _____________ Treaty of 1795 granted the United States free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to deposit goods at New Orleans. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Quasi-War, commerce, Navy, army, Franco-American

New President John Adams inherited an undeclared _____________ with France. By mid-1797, French corsairs had plundered some 300 American merchant ships. Congress responded by suspending _____________ with France, creating a _____________ Department, and enlarging the _____________, and renouncing the _____________ alliance of 1778. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Hamilton, Napolean

President John Adams resisted enormous pressure to declare war on France during the Quasi-War. He defied _____________ and other war hawks by sending new envoys to France. Now led by _____________, the French preferred to avoid war with the United States and concentrate on their conflicts with Great Britain. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

The Federalists controlled all 3 branches of the federal government 1798. Jefferson and Madison believed that the Alien and Sedition Acts embodied a threat to individual liberties caused by unchecked Federalist power. Jefferson and Madison anonymously wrote this series of resolutions that were approved by the Kentucky and Virginia legislators. They denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts as infractions of constitutional rights. They formulated a states' rights doctrine. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Alien and Sedition Acts

The Federalists took advantage of the anti-French furor during the Quasi-War to pass this series of laws. These acts were intended to punish the Democratic-Republicans. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Neutrality Proclamation

The French Revolution soon led to a prolonged war between Great Britain and France that did not end until Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. Under the terms of the Franco-American alliance of 1778, the United States was a French ally, bound to defend her possessions in the West Indies. Washington resisted pressure from supporters of both France and Great Britain. On April 22nd, 1793, he issued this to declare the United States was neutral in the French Revolution. it did not require the consent of either Congress or his cabinet to issue it. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Federalist, Alien and Sedition Acts

The Quasi-War lead to an anti-French furor that prompted _____________-controlled Congress to pass the _____________. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Sedition Act

The Sedition Act made it illegal to speak, write, or print any statements about the president that would bring him into contempt or disrepute. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Federalist, Democratic-Republican, Federalists, Democratic-Republicans

The _____________ Party supported Hamilton's programs while opponents led by Jefferson formed the _____________ party. The question of how America should respond to the French Revolution further deepened the division between _____________ who supported Great Britain and _____________ who sympathized with France. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, states' rights

The _____________ were a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. They received little support from the other states. However they set an important precedents for later _____________ advocates. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

1801, Nullification Crisis

The immediate dispute over the Alien and Sedition Acts faded when it was expired in _____________. However, the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions advanced arguments that John C. Calhoun adopted during the _____________ of the 1830s. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Shays', Whiskey

These 2 rebellions involved backcountry farmers protesting the strength of new governments. _____________ Rebellion demonstrated the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and the need for a stronger national government. The suppression of the _____________ Rebellion demonstrated the strength of the new federal government. Washington's prompt use of force showed that it was no longer acceptable to challenge unpopular laws with the type of revolutionary tactics used during the Stamp Act crisis. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Alien Acts

These acts authorized the president to deport dangerous aliens in the late 1790s. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

political parties

These were not mentioned in the Constitution. Led by James Madison, the Framers of opposed them as sources of corruption and vehicles for self-interest and personal ambition. They began to form during the Washington administration around the economic policies and political philosophies of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Naturalization Act

This act raised the residency requirement for U.S. citizenship from 5 to 14 years. Outraged Democratic-Republicans insisted that the act's real purpose was to prevent immigrants from voting for their party. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

George Washington

This man decided that Hamilton's arguments for the creation of a national bank prevailed. He signed the bank bill into law thus chartering the First National Bank of the United States. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Whiskey Rebellion

This occurred in 1794, when Hamilton's excise tax on liquor provoked resistance and evasion among frontier farmers. Outraged farmers in Western Pennsylvania tar and feathered federal tax collectors, stopped court proceedings, and blew up the stills of those paid the tax. Encouraged by Hamilton, Washington call out 12,900 militia-men to suppress this rebellion. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Federalist Party

This political party was led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. It drew support from New England eastern port cities. It favored a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. It supported the national bank and protective tariffs, favored commercial interests, and favored the British over the French. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Democratic-Republican Party

This political party was led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. It drew support from the South and frontier farmers. It favored a weak central government and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. It opposed the national bank and tariffs, favored agricultural interests, and favored the French over the British. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

World War I

Washington's earnest warning in his Farewell Address influenced American foreign policy following _____________. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

elastic clause

What constitutional clause did Hamilton use to justify Congress's right to charter a national bank? (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Jefferson, forbids, states

_____________ admitted that a bank would be a convenient aid to Congress in regulating the currency and collecting taxes. However, he forcefully argued that a national bank was not absolutely necessary. The Constitution did not specifically authorize Congress to create a national bank. He argued that what the Constitution does not permit, it _____________. He concluded that the _____________, not Congress, had the power to charter banks. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)

Hamilton, elastic, permits

_____________ argued that the Constitution specifically empowered Congress to collect taxes and regulate trade. A national bank would be more than a convenience; it would be a necessary institution for carrying out these powers. He believed that the _____________ clause gave Congress the implied power to charter a national bank. He argued that what the Constitution does not forbid, it _____________. (The Federalist Era, 1789-1800)