Chapter 12: Trace Minerals

Excess fluoride consumption may cause: Select one: a. hives and dermatitis. b. mottled teeth. c. atherosclerosis. d. arthritis. e. diarrhea.

b. mottled teeth.

Why is bioavailability a concern with trace elements? Select one: a. The interactions among minerals affect their utilization. b. Small concentration changes have no impact on trace element status. c. Large amounts of these minerals are present in the diet. d. Phytates, tannins, oxalate, and fiber increase their absorption. e. No answer is correct.

a. The interactions among minerals affect their utilization.

A low selenium diet has been most highly associated with: Select one: a. cancer. b. dental caries. c. dementia. d. diabetes. e. arthritis.

a. cancer.

Fluoride has shown to be most effective in preventing: Select one: a. dental caries. b. osteomalacia. c. colon cancer. d. diverticulitis. e. obesity.

a. dental caries.

What is the function of iron in the body? Select one: a. It helps to maintain the body at a slightly acidic pH. b. It is essential for delivering oxygen to cells. c. No answer is correct. d. It regulates protein function in the body. e. It transports important nutrients to cells.

b. It is essential for delivering oxygen to cells.

How do high intakes of zinc affect copper absorption? Select one: a. High zinc intake inhibits the synthesis of the protein metallothionein in the mucosal cells. b. Metallothionein binds copper, preventing it from being released into the blood. c. Excess zinc in the diet stimulates the production of a protein that binds copper. d. No answer is correct. e. Metallothionein binds zinc more tightly than it binds copper.

b. Metallothionein binds copper, preventing it from being released into the blood.

Iodine deficiency often causes an enlarged thyroid gland resulting in: Select one: a. blockage of arteries leading to the heart. b. a goiter. c. a Dowager's hump. d. shortness of breath. e. no answer is correct.

b. a goiter.

Iron is a component of the protein, ______ that binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream. Select one: a. ferritin b. hemoglobin c. no answer is correct. d. albumin e. myoglobin

b. hemoglobin

The richest source(s) of copper in the diet is (are): Select one: a. chicken and turkey. b. organ meats such as liver and kidney. c. dairy foods such as yogurt. d. brewer's yeast. e. avocados.

b. organ meats such as liver and kidney.

Which of the following groups is at risk for zinc deficiency in the United States? Select one: a. Adults older than 71 years of age b. Adolescent boys c. All of these are at risk for zinc deficiency d. Children aged 1-3 years e. No answer is correct

c. All of these are at risk for zinc deficiency

Which statement regarding antioxidant supplements is FALSE? Select one: a. Most agree we need more information about optimum antioxidant doses and the risk of imbalances. b. Some antioxidant supplements can actually enhance oxidation. c. Antioxidant enzyme supplements have been shown to boost defenses. d. The optimum dose of each antioxidant is unknown. e. Supplements cannot replace the benefits of eating antioxidant-rich foods.

c. Antioxidant enzyme supplements have been shown to boost defenses.

Which of the following is a copper-containing plasma protein that converts iron to a form that can be transported and stored? Select one: a. Transferrin b. Hemoglobin c. Ceruloplasmin d. No answer is correct. e. Ferritin

c. Ceruloplasmin

What affect does iodine deficiency have on the thyroid gland? Select one: a. Iodine deficiency deactivates thyroid hormones. b. Iodine deficiency stimulates the release of thyroid hormones. c. Iodine deficiency stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge to take up iodine. d. Thyroid-stimulating hormone causes the thyroid gland to release iodine. e. No answer is correct.

c. Iodine deficiency stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge to take up iodine.

Which statement about manganese toxicity is FALSE? Select one: a. Manganese toxicity is not the result of eating manganese-containing foods. b. Manganese toxicity damages the nervous system. c. Manganese toxicity is a common cause of birth defects. d. Toxic levels can occur in mineworkers exposed to manganese dust. e. Due to potential manganese toxicity, the UL is 11 mg per day from all sources.

c. Manganese toxicity is a common cause of birth defects.

How are selenium and vitamin E related? Select one: a. No answer is correct. b. They stimulate free radical formation. c. They help protect cells from oxidative damage. d. They help produce glutathione peroxidase. e. They promote the production of peroxides in the blood.

c. They help protect cells from oxidative damage.

The primary role of iodine in the body is: Select one: a. as a cofactor in hemoglobin synthesis. b. no answer is correct c. as a component of thyroid hormones. d. as an antioxidant. e. participation in carbohydrate metabolism

c. as a component of thyroid hormones.

One form of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which has antioxidant properties, contains the trace element __________. Select one: a. sulfur b. sodium c. copper d. no answer is correct e. iron

c. copper

High intakes of zinc stimulate the synthesis of _____________ in the mucosal cells. Select one: a. ferritin b. transferrin c. metallothionein d. zinc oxide dismutase e. no answer is correct

c. metallothionein

Zinc deficiency in Iranian and Egyptian men occurred because: Select one: a. they did not eat meat. b. no answer is correct. c. phytates in the diet bound zinc, decreasing its bioavailability. d. the diet was low in zinc since local soils were low in zinc. e. they consumed diets high in animal protein, which inhibits zinc absorption.

c. phytates in the diet bound zinc, decreasing its bioavailability.

Proteins containing selenium as a component of their amino acids are called: Select one: a. selenoenzymes. b. no answer is correct. c. selenoproteins. d. superoxide dismutases. e. glutathione peroxidases.

c. selenoproteins.

The trace minerals are difficult to study in humans because: Select one: a. they are so small, they are difficult to identify. b. they are required in such small amounts that deficiencies do not occur. c. some of them are required in such small amounts that environmental contamination can obscure experimental results. d. biological tests are imprecise. e. no answer is correct.

c. some of them are required in such small amounts that environmental contamination can obscure experimental results.

Molybdenum is required for all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. the metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids. b. the metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds in RNA and DNA. c. the synthesis of collagen. d. No answer is correct. e. the production of uric acid.

c. the synthesis of collagen.

How does chromium affect blood glucose levels? Select one: a. There is insufficient research on the chromium-blood glucose connection. b. Chromium increases blood glucose. c. Chromium has no effect on blood glucose. d. Chromium decreases blood glucose. e. No answer is correct.

d. Chromium decreases blood glucose.

What role does selenium have in cancer development? Select one: a. No answer is correct. b. Selenium supplements have been shown to benefit the general population. c. The incidence of skin cancer is low when selenium intake is high. d. The incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group. e. Selenium has no effect on cancer development.

d. The incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group.

A compulsion to eat non-food items such as laundry starch, clay or ice is called: Select one: a. no answer is correct. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. anemia. d. pica. e. retrogression.

d. pica.

Of the following, the best source of chromium is: Select one: a. fruits. b. dairy. c. vegetables. d. whole grains. e. pasta.

d. whole grains.

Identify the most accurate statement regarding copper. Select one: a. High copper intake can cause osteoporosis. b. Copper deficiency may result in zinc deficiency. c. Metallothionein binds zinc more tightly than copper. d. Copper excess may cause changes in hair color. e. Copper deficiency usually causes iron-deficiency anemia.

e. Copper deficiency usually causes iron-deficiency anemia.

_______________ is an inherited condition that causes individuals to absorb and accumulate too much iron. Select one: a. Hematocrit absorption syndrome b. Hyperferritosis c. No answer is correct. d. Reverse anemia e. Hemochromatosis

e. Hemochromatosis

Lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide? Select one: a. Iodine b. Vitamin D. c. Zinc d. Copper e. Iron

e. Iron

What is known about molybdenum? Select one: a. A Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) has not yet been established for molybdenum. b. No answer is correct. c. Molybdenum plays an important role in regulating blood pressure. d. Molybdenum deficiency has been frequently reported in the scientific journals. e. Molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced.

e. Molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced.

Which of the following is an excellent source of selenium? Select one: a. Apples b. Potato c. Kiwi d. Drinking water e. Salmon

e. Salmon

Which of the following is a true statement about iron requirements? Select one: a. Babies should not be fed iron-containing formulas, because of the risk of toxicity. b. No answer is correct. c. Iron requirements increase after menopause. d. For adolescents 14 to 18 years-of-age, the RDA is the same for males and females. e. The RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men.

e. The RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men.

Which statement is FALSE regarding the function of zinc in the body? Select one: a. Zinc is needed for growth and tissue repair. b. Zinc is a cofactor for many enzymes. c. Zinc is needed for development of sex organs. d. Zinc is found in foods from both plan and animal sources. e. Zinc is needed for synthesis of vitamin E.

e. Zinc is needed for synthesis of vitamin E.

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause ____________ in the offspring. Select one: a. fetal goiter syndrome b. hypoglycemia c. no answer is correct d. neural tube defects e. cretinism

e. cretinism

The best dietary sources of manganese are: Select one: a. fruits and vegetables. b. dairy products. c. seafood. d. meats. e. nuts and whole grains.

e. nuts and whole grains.