Child Development Chapter 10

Oblivobesity

A growing concern is the lack of recognition from parents that children are overweight or obese.

Asthma

Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways.; Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.

Being Overweight and Obesity in Children

Being overweight has also been linked to impaired brain functioning, which includes deficits in executive functioning, working memory, mental flexibility, and decision making. Also, obesity and excess weight gain in children is associated with a variety of medical conditions including high blood pressure, insulin resistance, inflammation, depression, and lower academic achievement.

phobia

an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something

Macronutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Mirconutrients

vitamins and minerals needed for health

Examples of different anxiety disorders in middle childhood

-Being very afraid when away from parents (separation anxiety) -Having extreme fear about a specific thing or situation, such as dogs, insects, or going to the doctor (phobias) -Being very afraid of school and other places where there are people (social anxiety) -Being very worried about the future and about bad things happening (general anxiety) -Having repeated episodes of sudden, unexpected, intense fear that come with symptoms like heart pounding, having trouble breathing, or feeling dizzy, shaky, or sweaty (panic disorder)

Related conditions to anxiety

-Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder -Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

food intolerance

A negative reaction to food that doesn't involve the immune system; A food intolerance is marked by unpleasant symptoms that occur after consuming certain foods.

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. While it involves the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions. The hippocampus and amygdala can be vulnerable to prolonged stress during early childhood.High levels of the stress hormone cortisol can reduce the size of the hippocampus and effect the child's memory abilities. Stress hormones can also reduce immunity to disease

Nutritional needs

A number of factors can influence children's eating habits and attitudes toward food. Family environment, societal trends, taste preferences, and messages in the media. These all impact the emotions that children develop in relation to their diet.

Depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by __________. -attention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration -inattention, impulsiveness, and a high tolerance for frustration -inattention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration -attention, impulsiveness, and a high tolerance for frustration

Answer: inattention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity.

What percentage of children will be diagnosed as nearsighted by the end of middle childhood? -10 -15 -20 -25

Answer: 25 The most common vision problem in middle childhood is being nearsighted, otherwise known as Myopic. 25% of children will be diagnosed by the end of middle childhood. Being nearsighted can be corrected by wearing glasses with corrective lenses.

While they are in elementary school, children in the United States grow, on average, ___ inches per year, and gain about __ pounds a year. -1;5 -2;6 -2;2 -3;3

Answer: 2;6 Physical growth rates are generally slow and steady during these years. However, growth spurts do occur during middle to late childhood. Typically, a child will gain about 5-7 pounds a year and grow about 2 inches per year. They also tend to slim down and gain muscle strength.

On average, children start to lose their primary teeth around age __________. -2-3 -4-5 -6-7 -8-9

Answer: 6-7 Starting at around the age of 6, the primary teeth start falling out and are replaced by permanent teeth. Permanent teeth replace primary teeth at the rate of about four per year starting at age 6.

Which of the following is a drug prescribed to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? -Paxil -Zoloft -Ritalin -Prozac

Answer: Ritalin Ritalin, which is a stimulant, has been used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Children's participation in sports has been linked to: -Higher levels of satisfaction with family overall quality of life in children -Better academic performance -Improved physical and emotional development -all of the above

Answer: all of the above Participation in a sport promises to help children build social skills, improve athletically and learn a sense of competition. However, the emphasis on competition and athletic skill can be counterproductive and lead children to grow tired of the game and want to quit. In many respects, it appears that children's activities are no longer children's activities once adults become involved and approach the games as adults rather than children. The U. S. Soccer Federation recently advised coaches to reduce the amount of drilling engaged in during practice and to allow children to play more freely and to choose their own positions. The hope is that this will build on their love of the game and foster their natural talents.

Behavioral intervention programs may help people with Autism Spectrum Disorder: -Learn life-skills necessary to live independently -Build upon strengths -Learn social, communication, and language skills -all of the above

Answer: all of the above People with ASD may be referred to doctors who specialize in providing behavioral, psychological, educational, or skill-building interventions. These programs are typically highly structured and intensive and may involve parents, siblings, and other family members.

A chronic condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath is called __________. -dyslexia -asthma -anxiety -ADHD

Answer: asthma Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

The percentage of U.S. children categorized as obese has __________ since the 1980s. -remained the same -doubled -tripled -quadrupled

Answer: doubled Approximately 20 percent of U.S. children are obese. This percentage has doubled since the 1980s.

During the middle childhood years, children begin to participate in organized sports activities. For a child to enjoy and continue playing sports, the goals for the child's playing sports should include __________. -having fun -being the best player -winning as many competitions as possible -having many hours of practice

Answer: having fun The goals for a child's participation in organized athletics should include (1) maintaining physical fitness, (2) becoming comfortable with one's body, (3) learning physical skills, and 4) having fun! When children feel that success in sports is the sole goal, the pleasure of playing the game is diminished.

Dental Health in Middle Childhood

Children will start or continue to loose teeth, it is important for children to continue seeing a dentist twice a year to be sure that these teeth are healthy. The foods and nutrients that children consume are also important for dental health. Children should floss daily and brush their teeth at least twice daily.

Energy

Children's energy needs vary, depending on their growth and level of physical activity, there energy requirements also vary according to gender. Girls require 1,200 to 1,400 calories a day from age 2 to 8 and 1,400-1,800 for age 9 to 13. Boys also need 1,200 to 1.400 calories daily from age 4.

Lacto-vegetarians

Eat dairy products, but do not eat any other animal products.

Vegans

Eat food only from plant sources, no animal products at all.

physical growth in middle childhood

From ages 6 - 11, it is important that the individual child is the lossing of baby teeth and unlike infants and adolescents, that school-aged children grow slowly and steadily, in their body and brain. Because these children come in all shapes and sizes: height, weight, abilities, and disabilities. Physical growth rates are generally slow and steady during these years

Childhood mental health

Social and Emotional Disorders: Phobias, Anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome - PTSD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder -OCD, Depression Developmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD), Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)

Brain Development in Middle Childhood

The brain reaches its adult size at about age 7. Then between 10 and 12 years of age, the frontal lobes become more developed and improvements in logic, planning, and memory are evident. The attention span also improves as the prefrontal cortex matures.

Ovo-vegetarians

These vegetarians will consume eggs but will not eat any other meat products.

childhood stress

Things of any type that place unusual demands on a child's ability to cope with life events. Stress hormones can also reduce immunity to disease.

anxiety disorder in middle childhood

When children do not outgrow the fears and worries that are typical in young children, or when there are so many fears and worries that interfere with school, home, or play activities, the child may be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder

Diabetes in Childhood

Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in children and is the result of a lack or production of insulin due to an overactive immune system. Type 2diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in the U.S

Lacto-ovo-vegetarians

Vegetarians who include dairy and eggs in the diet.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD)

a childhood disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity

food allergies

a condition in which the body's immune system reacts to substances in some foods

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

e-sports

a growing activity that involves spectators who watch videogamers compete with one another

Anaphylaxis

a life-threatening reaction that results in difficulty breathing, swelling in the mouth and throat, decreased blood pressure, shock, or even death.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

a measure of body weight relative to height

Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD)

acute emotional response to traumatic event causing anxiety, sleep disturbances, nightmares, depression, and difficulty concentrating; Exposure to traumatic events can have major developmental influences on children. While the majority of children will not develop PTSD after a trauma, best estimates from the literature are that around a third of them will, higher than adult estimates. The impact of PTSD on children weeks after a trauma, show that up to 90% of children may experience heightened physiological arousal, diffuse anxiety, survivor guilt, and emotional liability.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions), Although a diagnosis of OCD requires only that a person either has obsessions or compulsions, not both, approximately 96% of people experience both. For almost all people with OCD, being exposed to a certain stimuli (internal or external) will then trigger an upsetting or anxiety-causing obsession, which can only be relieved by doing a compulsion.

Physical Education (PE)

is a structured program that teaches skills, rules, and games.

Recess

is a time for children to play freely