chapter 12

central route persuasion

- persuasive message -> motivated, analytical (audience) -> high effort; evaluated message (processing) -> lasting change in attitude (persuasion)

peripheral route persuasion

- persuasive message -> not motivated, not analytical (audience) -> low effort; persuaded by cues outside of message (processing) -> temporary change in attitude (persuasion)

prejudice

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________. FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES

members of different groups are made to work together to achieve a common goal

According to research discussed in your textbook, prejudice is reduced when:

close proximity to victims

All of the following factors increase obedience EXCEPT:

consummate

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.

scapegoating

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.

when the correct choice is unclear

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?

script

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation.

confirmation bias

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________.

reciprocity

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of

Solomon Asch; conformity

In 1956, a psychologist set up an experiment in which people were shown a 10-inch line. They had to choose the line (from a group of three) that was the same length as the original line. ________ conducted this experiment in order to study _______ .

Stanley Milgram; obedience

In 1963, a psychologist at Yale University conducted a study in which an authority figure (the experimenter) instructed participants to shock who they thought was another participant each time they answered a question incorrectly. ________ conducted this experiment in order to study __________ .

confederate

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgramâs instructions.

stereotype

John believes that all Americans are lazy and rude. This is an example of:

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams

consummate love

Marcus and Natasha are newlyweds. They report high levels of passion, intimacy, and commitment in their relationship. Their love would best be described as: (intimacy, passion, commitment)

homophobia

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?"

attributions

Personal explanations formed about causes of behavior or events that we see are called:

Cognitive dissonance

Psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception

First impressions are relatively easy to change once we get to know the person

Regarding impression formation, which of the following statements is NOT true?

companionate

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

social norms

Standards that define what is socially acceptable in a given situation are known as . For example, when in class, students raise their hand before asking a question.

diffusion of responsibility

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

just-world

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

Philip Zimbardo

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

the fundamental attribution error

The tendency to attribute behavior to dispositional causes without regard to situational influences is known as:

Justification of Effort

Theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them

discrimination

Unfair or biased treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group or category ACTION

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

What is a social role?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

the amount of contact you have with people

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social facilitation

When Ginger goes on runs with her friends, she runs much faster than when she is alone. What is this an example of

the self-serving bias

When Ruby wrecked her car, she told her parents that the sun was in her eyes, which caused her to crash. When Ruby received a perfect score on her math test, she attributed her success to her intelligence. Ruby is demonstrating:

peripheral

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.

groupthink

When making a group decision, Corey and colleagues typically discourage debate about various ideas and focus on building consensus for their manager's ideas. This practice is typical in:

the actor-observer effect

When people explain their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution, it is called:

Don helped his friend, Matt, study for his math test because he is a caring person

Which of the following is an example of a dispositional attribution?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?

having group members vote anonymously

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying?

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a

Dispositionism

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.

intimacy

closeness between two people

dispositional attribution

explanation relating to the internal characteristics or traits of individuals (careless about time management and homework if they are late)

situational attributions

explanations relating to external or environmental events (there was traffic that's why you're late)

Social psychology

field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation

self-serving bias

how we explain our behaviors (if success we take credit, disposition, if failure we blame the situation)

actor observer bias

how we explain our behaviors vs the behaviors of others (for us blame the situation and for others disposition)

Fundamental attribution error

how we explain the behavior of others

Altruism

humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

companionate love

intimacy and commitment

self-fulfilling prophecy

o an expectations that helps bring about the outcome that is expected o impressions and expectations matter o low academic expectations -> behavior-> underperform in school

decisions/commitment

recognition of love and commitment to maintaining the relationship through challenged (love longtime)

passion

romantic desire (sex life)

Diffusion of responsibility

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

Self centered

the desire to help someone make oneself look good in the eyes of others or to avoid feeling guilty from failing to help