chapter 12
central route persuasion
- persuasive message -> motivated, analytical (audience) -> high effort; evaluated message (processing) -> lasting change in attitude (persuasion)
peripheral route persuasion
- persuasive message -> not motivated, not analytical (audience) -> low effort; persuaded by cues outside of message (processing) -> temporary change in attitude (persuasion)
prejudice
A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________. FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES
members of different groups are made to work together to achieve a common goal
According to research discussed in your textbook, prejudice is reduced when:
close proximity to victims
All of the following factors increase obedience EXCEPT:
consummate
Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.
scapegoating
During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.
when the correct choice is unclear
During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?
script
Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation.
confirmation bias
Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________.
reciprocity
Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of
Solomon Asch; conformity
In 1956, a psychologist set up an experiment in which people were shown a 10-inch line. They had to choose the line (from a group of three) that was the same length as the original line. ________ conducted this experiment in order to study _______ .
Stanley Milgram; obedience
In 1963, a psychologist at Yale University conducted a study in which an authority figure (the experimenter) instructed participants to shock who they thought was another participant each time they answered a question incorrectly. ________ conducted this experiment in order to study __________ .
confederate
In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgramâs instructions.
stereotype
John believes that all Americans are lazy and rude. This is an example of:
Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias
Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams
consummate love
Marcus and Natasha are newlyweds. They report high levels of passion, intimacy, and commitment in their relationship. Their love would best be described as: (intimacy, passion, commitment)
homophobia
Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?"
attributions
Personal explanations formed about causes of behavior or events that we see are called:
Cognitive dissonance
Psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception
First impressions are relatively easy to change once we get to know the person
Regarding impression formation, which of the following statements is NOT true?
companionate
Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.
social norms
Standards that define what is socially acceptable in a given situation are known as . For example, when in class, students raise their hand before asking a question.
diffusion of responsibility
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.
just-world
The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
Philip Zimbardo
The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.
emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.
the fundamental attribution error
The tendency to attribute behavior to dispositional causes without regard to situational influences is known as:
Justification of Effort
Theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them
discrimination
Unfair or biased treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group or category ACTION
a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
What is a social role?
People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior
What is the main point of the quizmaster study?
individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person
What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?
the amount of contact you have with people
What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?
social facilitation
When Ginger goes on runs with her friends, she runs much faster than when she is alone. What is this an example of
the self-serving bias
When Ruby wrecked her car, she told her parents that the sun was in her eyes, which caused her to crash. When Ruby received a perfect score on her math test, she attributed her success to her intelligence. Ruby is demonstrating:
peripheral
When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.
groupthink
When making a group decision, Corey and colleagues typically discourage debate about various ideas and focus on building consensus for their manager's ideas. This practice is typical in:
the actor-observer effect
When people explain their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution, it is called:
Don helped his friend, Matt, study for his math test because he is a caring person
Which of the following is an example of a dispositional attribution?
anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use
Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?
getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?
having group members vote anonymously
Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
Which statement about groupthink is correct?
because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying
Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying?
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a
Dispositionism
________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.
intimacy
closeness between two people
dispositional attribution
explanation relating to the internal characteristics or traits of individuals (careless about time management and homework if they are late)
situational attributions
explanations relating to external or environmental events (there was traffic that's why you're late)
Social psychology
field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation
self-serving bias
how we explain our behaviors (if success we take credit, disposition, if failure we blame the situation)
actor observer bias
how we explain our behaviors vs the behaviors of others (for us blame the situation and for others disposition)
Fundamental attribution error
how we explain the behavior of others
Altruism
humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
companionate love
intimacy and commitment
self-fulfilling prophecy
o an expectations that helps bring about the outcome that is expected o impressions and expectations matter o low academic expectations -> behavior-> underperform in school
decisions/commitment
recognition of love and commitment to maintaining the relationship through challenged (love longtime)
passion
romantic desire (sex life)
Diffusion of responsibility
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
Self centered
the desire to help someone make oneself look good in the eyes of others or to avoid feeling guilty from failing to help