Chapter 12—Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion
1. Almost any chemical in the atmosphere can become a pollutant if it occurs in high enough concentrations. ANS: T
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: Difficult TOP: 12-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem? 25. Acid deposition is properly defined as the ____ deposition of ____ pollutants onto Earth's surface. a. wet; primary b. wet; secondary c. wet and dry; primary d. wet and dry; secondary e. dry; primary ANS: D
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: Difficult TOP: 12-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem? 32. Sources of indoor air pollution include all of the following except a. chemical toxins. b. vehicle emissions. c. infiltrated outdoor air pollution. d. soot from cooking fires. e. tobacco smoke. ANS: B
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: Difficult TOP: 12-4 Why Is Indoor Air Pollution a Major Problem? 33. Which of the following is not a major indoor air pollutant? a. Asbestos b. Radon-222 c. Sulfur dioxide d. Cigarette smoke e. Formaldehyde ANS: C
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: Difficult TOP: 12-4 Why Is Indoor Air Pollution a Major Problem? 39. Overexposure to indoor pollution can cause all of the following except a. stroke or heart attack. b. arthritis or calcium deficiency. c. lung cancer. d. emphysema. e. bronchitis. ANS: B
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: Difficult TOP: 12-5 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution? 46. Which of the following strategies would help protect the atmosphere? a. Use a city-by-city rather than regional approach to air quality control. b. Shift from renewable to more efficient nonrenewable energy resources. c. Integrate air pollution, water pollution, energy, land-use, and population regulation policies. d. Exclude social costs of air pollution from pricing strategies. e. Decrease use of renewable energy. ANS: C
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: Difficult TOP: 12-5 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution? 41. Lead poisoning is especially harmful to young children and may cause a. blindness. b. paralysis. c. nervous system impairment. d. hyperactivity. e. all of the above conditions. ANS: E
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: Moderate TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 6. Features of weather include all of the following except a. cloud cover b. wind speed c. precipitation d. humidity e. latitude ANS: E
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: Moderate TOP: 12-5 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution? 42. Which is the least effective method of improving U.S. air pollution laws? a. Refocusing on pollution prevention b. Increasing vehicle fuel efficiency c. Better ventilating homes and buildings d. Increasing regulations on motorcycles and 2-cycle engines e. Better regulation of airports and cruise ships ANS: C
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: Moderate TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 61. In a worst case scenario, potentially unavoidable global warming consequences may include all but which one of the following? a. International water wars b. Global crop yield crashes c. Massive premature extinctions d. Higher latitude areas warm resulting in fewer human death tolls and more overpopulation e. Ecosystems collapse ANS: D
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: Moderate TOP: 12-7 What Can We Do to Slow Projected Climate Disruption? 74. An example of an ozone depleting chemical is a. CFCs b. methyl bromide c. HBFCs d. hydrogen chloride e. all of these ANS: E
The atmospheric layer containing most of the mass of Earth's air is the
troposphere
The layer of the atmosphere that plays a major role in earth's weather and long-term climate is the
troposphere
: Moderate 18. Mankind's use of renewable energy will lessen the effect of human activities on climate change. ANS: T
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: Easy TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 17. Photochemical smog is characteristic of urban areas with many vehicles and a climate that is a. cool, wet, and cloudy. b. cool, dry, and sunny. c. warm, dry, and sunny. d. warm, wet, and cloudy. e. warm, wet, and sunny. ANS: C
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: Easy TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 4. All of the following statements about the stratosphere are true except a. The stratosphere extends from about 17-48 km above the earth's surface. b. The stratosphere has about one thousandth of the water concentration in the troposphere. c. Temperature in the stratosphere decreases with altitude. d. The stratosphere has a higher concentration of ozone that the troposphere. e. The ozone layer is concentrated in the stratosphere. ANS: C
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: Easy TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 7. The two most important factors in climate are a. temperature and insulation. b. precipitation and pressure. c. humidity and wind. d. temperature and precipitation. e. relative humidity and clouds. ANS: D
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: Easy TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 3. In the troposphere, 99% of the clean, dry air consists of a. hydrogen and oxygen. b. nitrogen and oxygen. c. hydrogen and methane. d. carbon dioxide and nitrogen. e. helium and hydrogen. ANS: B
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: Easy TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 5. Stratospheric ozone helps to prevent a. sunburns. b. skin cancer. c. eye cancer and eye cataracts. d. immune system damage. e. all of these answers ANS: E
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: Easy TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 13. Industrial smog a. consists of a mixture of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid and suspended solid particles. b. is often called gray-air smog. c. is rarely a problem in more developed countries with good air pollution control. d. all of these answers. e. none of these answers. ANS: D
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: Easy TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 14. Photochemical smog is most easily reduced by a drop in emissions of ____. a. carbon monoxide b. nitrous oxides c. ozone emissions d. water e. PANs ANS: B
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: Easy TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 15. All of the following contribute to photochemical smog except a. soot. b. nitrous oxide. c. sunlight. d. vehicle emissions. e. VOCs. ANS: A
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: Easy TOP: 12-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem? 29. Acid deposition a. increases the mobility of toxic metals. b. kills many species of fish. c. damages statues and buildings. d. decreases atmospheric visibility. e. all of these answers ANS: E
: Difficult 15. Climate change affects the entire planet and will be long-term. ANS: T
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: Easy 23. Skepticisms about the hypotheses and models concerning climate change is a natural and healthy part of the scientific method. ANS: T
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: Easy 4. Air pollutants in small quantities can be removed from the atmosphere by chemical cycles, precipitation and gravity. ANS: T
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: Easy 6. Pollutants indoors can build up to much higher concentrations than outdoors. ANS: T
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: Easy 9. In the stratosphere, temperature increases with altitude because of the absorption of UV light by oxygen and ozone. ANS: T
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: Easy 25. Aerosols and other small particles in the atmosphere can either reflect or absorb solar radiation. ANS: T
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: Easy 7. The health risks of indoor air pollution is exacerbated in developed urban areas because these people spend the majority of their time indoors or inside vehicles. ANS: T
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: Easy 8. In the United States, individual states and groups of states are taking it upon themselves to reduce emissions, even though the federal government has not set greenhouse gas reduction targets. ANS: T
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: Moderate 13. According to a 2005 EPA report, the six regulated air pollutants in the U.S. decreased between 1970 and 2004 due to the Clean Air Act. ANS: T
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: Moderate 22. Scientists believe that rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are contributing to global warming but cannot discern exactly to what extent and with what ramifications. ANS: T
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: Moderate 16. Today, the use of other fossil fuels, nuclear power, and hydroelectricity instead of coal has greatly reduced the occurrence of industrial smog. ANS: T
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: Moderate 17. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, human activity released few gases into the atmosphere, but now due to population growth, fossil fuel burning, and deforestation, we are severely disturbing the combination of gases in the atmosphere. ANS: T
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: Moderate 3. Air pollution is worsened by burning fossil fuels, as well as by increasing carbon dioxide emissions. ANS: T
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: Moderate 5. Over the past 30 years, the quality of outdoor air in most developed countries has greatly improved. ANS: T
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: Difficult TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 8. Climate is not influenced by a. the amount of incoming solar radiation. b. Earth's rotation on its axis. c. ocean currents. d. properties of air, water, and land. e. species extinctions. ANS: E
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: Difficult TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 12. Which of the following is not a major source of outdoor air pollution? a. Vehicle emissions b. Coal burning factories c. Volcanic eruptions d. Wildfires e. Pet dander ANS: E
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: Difficult TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 22. Which of the following statements is true? a. Thermal inversion occurs when a layer of cold air prevents warm air from rising. b. Thermal inversions exacerbate pollution problems. c. Thermal inversions are temporary. d. Normally, cool air near Earth's surface expands and rises, carrying pollutants higher into the troposphere. e. Thermal inversions help prevent air pollution. ANS: B
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: Difficult TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 23. A thermal inversion is the result of a. precipitation. b. cold air drainage. c. a warm lid on top of stagnant air. d. a cold blanket of air that prevents warm air from rising. e. mixing of cool and warm air. ANS: C
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: Difficult TOP: 12-5 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution? 44. Methods to prevent pollution from motor vehicle emissions include all of the following except a. improving fuel efficiency and modifying the internal combustion engine to reduce emissions. b. raising annual registration fees on older, more polluting cars. c. increase the legal driving age. d. giving subsidies to car makers for each low-polluting, energy-efficient car they sell. e. restricting driving in polluted areas. ANS: C
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: Difficult TOP: 12-5 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution? 45. One way to help protect the atmosphere would be to a. quickly burn all remaining fossil fuels to encourage faster change to alternative fuels. b. compartmentalize air pollution, water pollution, and energy policies so that each department has its own focus. c. emphasize local control and responsibility for air pollution. d. control population growth. e. decrease use of renewable energy. ANS: D
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: Difficult TOP: 12-5 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution? 47. Over geologic time the earth's climate has been changed by a. the sun's energy output. b. large meteoric impacts. c. earth's orbit around the sun. d. all of these answers. e. none of these answers. ANS: D
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 56. Some uncertainty in climate models arise based on how a. CO2 will affect the rate of photosynthesis. b. changes in polar ice will occur. c. ocean absorption of carbon dioxide will affect climate change. d. air pollution might affect climate. e. all of these answers ANS: E
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 66. In a warmer world, which is not an incidence caused by droughts? a. Dryer soils result in slowed tree growth b. Increase in grassland and forest fires c. Lakes and some seas shrink or disappear d. Fresh water shortages e. Increased biodiversity due to species adaptations ANS: E
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 48. The major greenhouse gases leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect include all of the following except a. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). b. carbon dioxide. c. sulfur dioxide. d. methane. e. nitrous oxide. ANS: C
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 49. Increased greenhouse gases originate from a. burning fossil fuels. b. deforestation. c. use of CFCs. d. agriculture. e. all of these answers ANS: E
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 52. Correspondence between climate models and the real world depends upon a. the design and assumptions of the model. b. the accuracy of the data used in the model. c. factors that amplify or dampen changes in average global temperatures. d. a and c only e. all of these answers ANS: E
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 53. Current global climate models suggest that climate change a. will never happen. b. will be toward the warmer side over the next century. c. will be toward the colder side over the next century. d. will reach stabilization after 200 years. e. will be toward the colder side over the next 50 years. ANS: B
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 55. The oceans' a. surface water is weakly acidic. b. ability to absorb carbon dioxide decreases as the water temperature increases. c. ability to absorb carbon dioxide increase as the water temperature increases. d. a and b e. a and c ANS: D
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 57. The part of the world that has been warming fastest in the last 50 years is ____. a. the mid-latitudes b. the Arctic region c. North America d. the Tibetan Plateau e. the oceans throughout the world ANS: B
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 58. Which answer best states the current scientific position about global warming? a. There is no problemit's a hoax. b. There is no need to worry. The projected change in temperature is no more than we experience on any given day. c. The problem is the potential rise in average global temperature. d. The problem is the quick rate of change in average global temperature. e. The problem is the slow rate of change in average global temperature. ANS: D
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 60. Presently unavoidable global warming consequences now include all but which one of the following? a. Sea level rise b. Arctic species extinctions c. Coral reef bleaching d. Crop production increases in equatorial zones e. Prolonged droughts ANS: D
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: Difficult TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 63. Melting the Arctic permafrost is not likely to ____. a. release methane trapped in the permafrost b. result in habitat loss for many species c. spread tropical disease to Arctic areas d. alter lifestyles for Native Alaskans e. allow for saltwater inundation of coastal areas ANS: C
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: Difficult TOP: 12-7 What Can We Do to Slow Projected Climate Disruption? 68. The quickest and cheapest way to reduce the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is to a. switch from fossil fuels to nuclear fuels. b. increase the efficiency of energy use. c. put a price on carbon dioxide emissions. d. stop deforestation. e. slow population growth. ANS: B
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: Difficult TOP: 12-7 What Can We Do to Slow Projected Climate Disruption? 70. Prevention approaches to global warming include all of the following except a. increasing beef production on viable land. b. halting deforestation. c. switching to sustainable agriculture and renewable energy. d. slowing population growth. e. improving energy efficiency. ANS: A
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: Difficult TOP: 12-7 What Can We Do to Slow Projected Climate Disruption? 73. Things that individuals can do to alleviate the potential threats of global warming include all of the following except a. improving energy efficiency in the home. b. using low-sulfur coal. c. planting trees. d. reducing and reusing. e. recycling. ANS: B
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: Difficult TOP: 12-8 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do About It? 76. CFCs are used for all of the following except a. coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners. b. propellants in aerosol spray cans. c. fuels in camp stoves. d. cleaners for electronic parts. e. gases used in insulation and foam packaging ANS: C
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: Difficult TOP: 12-8 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do About It? 75. Which of the following statements is false? a. The formation of the ozone layer enabled life on land to evolve. b. CFCs are odorless and stable. c. CFCs are nonflammable, nontoxic, and noncorrosive. d. Fluorine atoms are most responsible for the breakdown of ozone to molecular oxygen. e. CFCs are cheap to produce. ANS: D
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: Difficult TOP: 12-8 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do About It? 79. Which is false? a. CFCs are persistent chemicals. b. Ozone depletion is worst in Antarctica. c. There are substitutes to CFCs. d. Ozone thinning is a permanent problem. e. CFCs contribute to global warming. ANS: D
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: Difficult TOP: 12-8 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do About It? 80. Skin cancers can be prevented by all of the following strategies except a. minimizing sun exposure. b. applying sunscreen with a good protection factor. c. wearing ordinary sunglasses. d. wearing tightly-woven protective clothing. e. avoiding tanning lamps and salons. ANS: C
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: Easy TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 11. Outdoor air pollutants a. can travel via prevailing winds. b. are a low risk human health problem. c. mostly occur in rural areas. d. are increasing in developed countries. e. are not regulated in the USA. ANS: A
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: Easy TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 2. The layer of the atmosphere that plays a major role in earth's weather and long-term climate is the a. thermosphere. b. mesosphere. c. stratosphere. d. troposphere. e. tropopause. ANS: D
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: Easy TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 62. In the short term, some humans may benefit from which of the following climate change effects? a. Melting glacial ice b. Rising sea levels c. Permafrost melt d. Biodiversity loss e. Agricultural shifts ANS: E
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: Moderate TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 10. Greenhouse gases a. warm the Earth's lower atmosphere. b. are poisonous if contacted. c. block all ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth's surface. d. cause Earth's rotation on its axis. e. create rain. ANS: A
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: Moderate TOP: 12-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? 9. All of the following are greenhouse gases except a. carbon dioxide. b. water vapor. c. methane. d. radon. e. nitrous oxide. ANS: D
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: Moderate TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 16. Photochemical smog is formed when primary pollutants interact with a. sunlight. b. water vapor. c. sulfur dioxide. d. oxygen. e. carbon. ANS: A
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: Moderate TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 21. The frequency and severity of smog in an area depends least upon the a. local climate and topography. b. fuels used in industry, heating, and transportation. c. size of the ozone hole over the Arctic. d. density of the population. e. number of open fires. ANS: C
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: Moderate TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 18. You would least expect to see industrial smog (gray-air smog) in a. China. b. Ukraine. c. Poland. d. Miami. e. Mexico city. ANS: D
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: Moderate TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 19. Which of the following factors would not increase air pollution? a. VOC emissions from plants and trees b. Hills and mountains c. Precipitation d. Temperature inversions e. Higher temperatures ANS: C
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: Moderate TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 20. Outdoor air pollution can be reduced by all of the following natural factors except a. rain and snow. b. pollution particles that are heavier than air. c. salty sea spray. d. increasing solar radiation. e. winds. ANS: D
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: Moderate TOP: 12-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems? 24. Tall chimneys a. are a "dilution is the solution to pollution" approach. b. carry the pollutants above any local inversion layer. c. are an output approach to pollution. d. increase pollution in upwind areas. e. all of these answers ANS: E
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: Moderate TOP: 12-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem? 31. Acid deposition can be prevented by all of the following except a. reducing coal burning. b. growing more crops. c. increasing the use of renewable energy sources. d. taxing sulfur emissions. e. improving energy efficiency. ANS: B
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: Moderate TOP: 12-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem? 26. ____ acid deposition usually occurs near to emission point sources, whereas ____ acid deposition usually takes place in more distant down wind areas. a. dry; wet b. wet; dry c. wet; wet d. dry; dry e. none of these answers. ANS: A
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: Moderate TOP: 12-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem? 28. Acid deposition is best classified as a a. local problem. b. state problem. c. regional problem. d. national problem. e. international problem. ANS: C
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: Moderate TOP: 12-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem? 30. Acid deposition can affect living organisms by a. killing fish, aquatic plants, and microorganisms in lakes and streams. b. contributing to respiratory problems. c. making trees more susceptible to diseases. d. weakening forests. e. all of these answers. ANS: E
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: Moderate TOP: 12-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem? 27. All of the following describe soils that are vulnerable to acid deposition except a. thin. b. low in buffering ions. c. high in hydroxyl (OH) ions. d. acidic. e. already depleted by decades of acid deposition. ANS: C
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: Moderate TOP: 12-4 Why Is Indoor Air Pollution a Major Problem? 36. Pipe insulation, fireproofing and soundproofing materials, and vinyl floors and ceilings may be sources of a. chloroform. b. formaldehyde. c. carbon monoxide. d. asbestos. e. CFCs. ANS: D
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: Moderate TOP: 12-4 Why Is Indoor Air Pollution a Major Problem? 34. Furniture stuffing, paneling, particle board, and carpeting may be sources of a. chloroform. b. formaldehyde. c. carbon monoxide. d. asbestos. e. sulfur dioxide. ANS: B
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: Moderate TOP: 12-4 Why Is Indoor Air Pollution a Major Problem? 35. Respiratory illnesses in developing countries are most likely to be caused by a. formaldehyde. b. cigarette smoke. c. particulate matter. d. asbestos. e. ozone. ANS: C
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: Moderate TOP: 12-4 Why Is Indoor Air Pollution a Major Problem? 37. Radon-222 is a. a colorless gas. b. a product of uranium decay. c. basically a problem in confined spaces, such as basements and underground wells, over radon-containing deposits. d. an odorless and tasteless gas. e. all of these answers ANS: E
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: Moderate TOP: 12-4 Why Is Indoor Air Pollution a Major Problem? 38. You have been looking for your first house for months. You find one in just the right neighborhood at just the right price for you. In the course of negotiations, you have a radon test done and find that the level is high. A reasonable course of action would be to a. get out of the housing market. b. back out of the deal quickly and look for another house. c. make a purchase offer, but recognize you will need to make some changes over the course of a few years. d. make a purchase, move in, and live happily ever after. e. call the police and report the homeowner. ANS: B
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: Moderate TOP: 12-4 Why Is Indoor Air Pollution a Major Problem? 40. Which of the following is not a preventative approach to lead poisoning? a. Phase out waste incinerators b. Wash produce before consuming c. Ban lead solder d. Phase out leaded gasoline e. Ban lead in computer monitors and fishing sinkers ANS: B
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: Moderate TOP: 12-5 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution? 43. Indoor air pollution could be sharply reduced by a. modifying building codes to prevent radon infiltration. b. requiring exhaust hoods or vent pipes for stoves, refrigerators, or other appliances burning natural gas or other fossil fuels. c. finding substitutes for potentially harmful chemicals. d. using office machines in well-ventilated areas. e. all of these answers ANS: E
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: Moderate TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 50. In 2001, the International Governmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that a. global climate change is a hoax. b. Earth is likely to experience an ice age in the next century. c. the slight rise in temperature observed over the last century was caused by changes in solar cycles. d. the slight rise in temperature observed over the last century was probably influenced by human causes. e. none of these answers ANS: D
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: Moderate TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 51. The International Governmental Panel on Climate Change concludes all but which one of the following? a. The oceans are cooling as glaciers melt. b. Global surface temperatures have risen 1.3 degrees F in the last decade. c. Arctic temperatures have risen twice as fast as in the rest of the world in the last 50 years. d. Average sea levels have risen 48 inches. e. Rainfall, draught, and storm patterns are changing. ANS: A
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: Moderate TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 54. Factors that contribute to climate change include all but which one? a. Changing ocean temperatures b. Rates of migration of indicator species c. Outdoor air pollution levels d. Plant photosynthesis e. Changes in global cloud cover ANS: B
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: Moderate TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 59. All of the following gases have increased in recent decades except a. carbon dioxide. b. methane. c. water vapor. d. nitrous oxide. e. low level ozone. ANS: C
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: Moderate TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 64. If global warming trends continue, sea levels are most likely to a. rise because of the melting of polar sea ice. b. rise due to increased removal of groundwater. c. drop because of increased use of water for irrigation. d. drop because of increased evaporation. e. rise because of increased evaporation. ANS: A
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: Moderate TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 65. Which of the following statements about the potential effects of global warming on human health is false? a. Food and freshwater supplies are likely to be disrupted. b. People are likely to be displaced. c. Insect-borne diseases are likely to decrease in today's temperate zones. d. Sanitation systems in coastal cities may be flooded. e. Respiratory disease are likely to increase. ANS: C
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: Moderate TOP: 12-6 How Might the Earth's Temperature and Climate Change, and with What Effects? 67. All of the following are ecological tipping points identified by scientists except a. Sharp increase in the ability of the ocean to absorb carbon dioxide. b. Collapse and melting of Greenland ice sheets. c. Collapse of the Amazon rainforest. d. Major releases of methane from permafrost. e. Collapse of phytoplankton populations. ANS: A
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: Moderate TOP: 12-7 What Can We Do to Slow Climate Change? 69. Prevention approaches to global warming that revolve around energy policy include all of the following except a. cutting use of fossil fuels. b. dispersing methane from landfills to prevent explosions. c. transferring energy-efficiency and pollution-prevention technologies to developing countries. d. reducing poverty and slowing population growth. e. improving energy efficiency. ANS: B
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: Moderate TOP: 12-7 What Can We Do to Slow Projected Climate Disruption? 71. Government strategies to reduce the threat of climate change include all of the following except a. introduce an energy tax on each unit of fossil fuel burned. b. place caps and issue permits on greenhouse gas emissions in a particular region. c. increase subsides for energy efficiency and greener technologies. d. increase taxes on income and profits. e. facility green technology transfers to less developed countries. ANS: D
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: Moderate TOP: 12-7 What Can We Do to Slow Projected Climate Disruption? 72. Of the following adjustments to tolerate global warming, the least effective would be a. breeding food plants that need less water and are more tolerant of salt. b. expanding protected areas and connecting them by corridors. c. moving storage tanks of hazardous materials away from coastal areas. d. establishing large food supplies on barrier beaches. e. switching to locally based sustainable technologies. ANS: D
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: Moderate TOP: 12-8 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do About It?
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: Moderate TOP: 12-8 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do About It? 77. Human health problems closely associated with ozone depletion include all of the following except a. skin cancer. b. eye cataracts. c. increased incidence of heart disease. d. suppression of the immune response. e. sunburns. ANS: C
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: Moderate TOP: 12-8 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do About It? 78. An increase in ultraviolet radiation is likely to cause all of the following except a. a decrease in aquatic life. b. increased yields of food crops. c. decreased phytoplankton productivity. d. increased acid rain. e. increased eye cataract and skin cancer incidence in some species. ANS: B
