Chapter 13
nosocomial infection
If a patient gets an infection while they are treated in a medical facility that is not related to their original diagnosis, this condition is called a health-care-associated or _______________ infection.
What does storch mean?
S = syphilis T = toxoplasmosis O = other such as chlamydia, hepatitis B or HIV R = rubella (German measles) C = cytomegalovirus H = herpes simplex
Prominent damaging or fatal diseases of the fetus and neonate that are obtained through the placenta during pregnancy or at the time of birth go by the ___________ acronym.
STORCH
biological vector
Transmission through a bite or wound occurs when the pathogen is living inside the animal, needing it to reproduce. (mosquito that transmits the pathogen that causes malaria when it bites a human)
transplacental
Transmitted from mother to offspring across the placenta
flora, microbes
Trillions of beneficial microorganisms colonize humans. These are referred as the normal [a] or resident [b].
Surveillance
collecting, analyzing and reporting data on rates of occurrence, mortality, morbidity, and transmission of infections. Morbidity is the state of being diseased whereas mortality refers to death.
First exposure to microbes occurs as the baby passes thorugh the birth canal, then continues with exposure to all who handle and feed the baby. This is called the initial [a] of the [b]. The resident microbes can change thorughout life as a person ages, their [c], or if they take antibiotics.
colonization, newborn, diet
local infection
confined to a small body area or specific tissue
necrosis
death of tissue
Infectious disease
is any change from health caused by microorganisms where the normal structure or function of the body is damaged or impaired
Pathogenicity
is the ability of a microbe to cause disease
Virulence
is the degree to which an organism is pathogenic
Septicemia
large numbers of bacteria in the blood
Endotoxin
lipid A found only in the outer membrane of Gram negative cells and can lead to a deadly aggressive immune system response
sequelae
long-term or permanent damage of a body organ due to an illness
swollen lymph nodes
lymphadenitis
Hemolysin
lyse red blood cells
infectious dose
number of pathogens that enter into an individual must be over a certain number called the
mortality rate
number of people who died as a result of a particular illness
Transmission methods of indirect contact
oral-fecal contamination (fecally contaminated food or water) droplet nuclei (dried up mucous secretions in air) aerosols (dust and other small items that float in air) fomite (any nonliving object)
systemic infection
pathogen moves from the original body area through the blood or nerves, affecting multiple tissues
opportunistic pathogen
pathogen that primarily causes infection with those with a weakened immune system (children elderly, defects in immunity, stress, surgery)
portal of exit
pathogens to be transferred to a new host, they will leave the infected host through (skin (scales), secretions (tears, sputum, sweat, vaginal secretions, respiratory droplets), excretions (feces and urine), and through blood (needles or blood transfusions)
Antiphagocytic factors
used by some pathogens to avoid phagocytes
intoxication
toxin is spread from the site of the infection by ingestion
toxemia
toxin is spread from the site of the infection through the blood
Exoenzymes usually end with
-ase (and usually disrupt the structure of tissues)
vehicle
A general term that includes any inanimate object (water, food, fomites, etc) that can indirectly transmit a pathogen
probiotics
A way to adjust the normal flora in the digestive tract is to take a supplement containing beneficial microroganisms called
granulomas
chronic condition of immune cells surrounding microbes in tissue
parenteral
Bypassing the skin through a break or needle is called a [c] route (bite, wound, needle)
virulence factors
Characteristics that allow the microbe to cause infection
biofilms
Colonies of bacteria that adhere together and adhere to environmental surfaces.
signs
Obervations made by the practioner or results of testing that are called a [a] of the infection.
portal of entry
The anatomical site where pathogens pass into host tissue (mouth, nose, eye, ear, urethra, or mucous membranes)
lower infectious dose
Pathogens that can cause infection easier (more virulent) have a
Symptoms
The patient's experience with the illness that are not usually measured are called a [b] of the infection.
Epidemiology
The study of disease and other health-related factors in human populations is ___________ and can include the transmission, frequency, and distribution of disease and how to control it.
transients
They inhabit the body for a short time. (The body's defenses or hygiene will rid of these microbes before they can colonize and possibly cause an infection)
sexually
Through the genital system can cause a [d] transmitted disease (STD). (urogenital tract)
incubation period
Time from the initial contact with the pathogen up to when the first symptoms appear
Lactobacillus
Vagina, lactid acid, low pH to prevent fungal infections, estrogen increases this bacteria production
infection
caused by a pathogen entering into the body, resulting in colonization and tissue destruction
initial colonization of the newborn
With breaking of the amniotic sac, the infant becomes exposed to a wide range of microbiota, especially as it passes through the birth canal
secondary infection
a different infection caused by a different pathogen after the occurrence of a primary infection
pandemic
a greater number of cases of a disease than expected, happening in many geographic locations throughout the world
epidemic
a greater number of cases of a disease than expected, happening within a geographic region or linked to the same source
pathogen
a microbe causing an infection; also can be called an etiologic agent or causative agent
acute infection
a short-lived illness that develops rapidly
edema
accumulation of body fluids
Neurotoxins
affect nerve tissue and can result in death
Enterotoxins
affects intestinal mucosa, commonly the colon, causing GI distress.
human microbiota
all microorganisms that are associated with humans. These include bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoa
vector
an animal that is harboring a pathogen that can be transmitted to a human
leukocidin
an antiphagocytic factor that kills white blood cells
chronic infection
an illness that slowly developed and the pathogen remains in the body for a long time
Leukocytosis
an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood
reservoir
any area where a pathogen can survive for a long period of time
Reportable diseases
any disease that by law must be reported by medical professionals to public health officials in order to collect data
Exotoxins
are secreted by a wide variety of microbes, are made of proteins, target specific cells, and can cause tissue damage and even death
areas of the body where resident microbes are found
areas close to openings like the mouth, vagina, colon, nasal cavity, phayrnx, and outer urethra the external part of an organ like the eye and ear skin and mucous membranes
nonliving reservoir
areas like soil or water where a pathogen can exist for a long period of time
areas of the body that should remain sterile
bones and muscles blood and cerebral spinal fluid internal organs like the heart, liver, brain, glands, lungs, and kidneys the internal part of an organ with delicate inner structures like the eye and ear
Collagenase
breaks down the collagen in connective tissue
Hyaluronidase
breaks down the hyaluronic acid that cements cells together in the connective tissue
endemic
disease linked to a geographic region and is constantly present at a consistent rate
sporadic
disease not linked to a geographic location, but can happen anywhere at any time
avirulent
does not cause disease
Other terms for pathogen
etiologic agent or causative agent
virulence factors of bacteria
fimbriae, slime, capsule
prodromal stage
first symptoms appear which are general in nature, like fever, headache, and muscle aches
morbidity rate
general term for any measure due to illness such as the number of people with the illness, how long the illness lasts, or for how long the illness existed in a population
immunocompetent
healthy individuals with a functional immune system
virulence factors of parasitic worms
hooks, suckers, barbs
carrier
human capable of transmitting a pathogen; may or may not show signs of an infection
passive carrier
human contaminated with a pathogen, transferring it to an individual; does not have the inffection
asympotomatic carrier
human who are infected with a pathogen but shows no signs of an illness because they have just been infected, are in the recovery stages, or in a chronic condition
communicable disease
illness that can be spread from one person to another
noncommunicable disease
illness that cannot be spread from one person to another
contagious disease
illness that spreads between people easily
zoonosis
illness transmitted by an animal; also called a zoonotic disease
Antibodies
immune system molecule found in serum and shows infection by a specific pathogen.
Transmission methods of direct contact
includes touching, kissing, sexual intercourse, transplacental, birth, breastfeeding or through respiratory droplets due to coughs, sneezes or other mucous secretion
immunocompromised
individuals with a weakened immune system which includes children, elderly, diabetics, and AIDS patients
true pathogen
infects individuals regardless of immune system status
mixed infection
several pathogens cause an infection within one tissue or body site
Bacteremia
small numbers of bacteria in the blood
virulence factors of virus
spikes
focal infection
spread of an infection from one body area to another
Coagulase
stimulates blood clotting
convalescent period
symptoms start to fade as the patient's immune system overtakes the microbe
period of invasion
the classic signs and symptoms of the disease are at their worst
primary infection
the initial infection cause by a specific pathogen
incidence
the number of new cases of an illness within a specific time period and within a population
latent infection
the pathogen goes dormant in the body, but can reemerge causing the same or similar symptoms
intracellular pathogens
they enter host cells and reproduce
prevalence
total number of cases of an illness measured within a population within a specific time period