Chapter 13

nosocomial infection

If a patient gets an infection while they are treated in a medical facility that is not related to their original diagnosis, this condition is called a health-care-associated or _______________ infection.

What does storch mean?

S = syphilis T = toxoplasmosis O = other such as chlamydia, hepatitis B or HIV R = rubella (German measles) C = cytomegalovirus H = herpes simplex

Prominent damaging or fatal diseases of the fetus and neonate that are obtained through the placenta during pregnancy or at the time of birth go by the ___________ acronym.

STORCH

biological vector

Transmission through a bite or wound occurs when the pathogen is living inside the animal, needing it to reproduce. (mosquito that transmits the pathogen that causes malaria when it bites a human)

transplacental

Transmitted from mother to offspring across the placenta

flora, microbes

Trillions of beneficial microorganisms colonize humans. These are referred as the normal [a] or resident [b].

Surveillance

collecting, analyzing and reporting data on rates of occurrence, mortality, morbidity, and transmission of infections. Morbidity is the state of being diseased whereas mortality refers to death.

First exposure to microbes occurs as the baby passes thorugh the birth canal, then continues with exposure to all who handle and feed the baby. This is called the initial [a] of the [b]. The resident microbes can change thorughout life as a person ages, their [c], or if they take antibiotics.

colonization, newborn, diet

local infection

confined to a small body area or specific tissue

necrosis

death of tissue

Infectious disease

is any change from health caused by microorganisms where the normal structure or function of the body is damaged or impaired

Pathogenicity

is the ability of a microbe to cause disease

Virulence

is the degree to which an organism is pathogenic

Septicemia

large numbers of bacteria in the blood

Endotoxin

lipid A found only in the outer membrane of Gram negative cells and can lead to a deadly aggressive immune system response

sequelae

long-term or permanent damage of a body organ due to an illness

swollen lymph nodes

lymphadenitis

Hemolysin

lyse red blood cells

infectious dose

number of pathogens that enter into an individual must be over a certain number called the

mortality rate

number of people who died as a result of a particular illness

Transmission methods of indirect contact

oral-fecal contamination (fecally contaminated food or water) droplet nuclei (dried up mucous secretions in air) aerosols (dust and other small items that float in air) fomite (any nonliving object)

systemic infection

pathogen moves from the original body area through the blood or nerves, affecting multiple tissues

opportunistic pathogen

pathogen that primarily causes infection with those with a weakened immune system (children elderly, defects in immunity, stress, surgery)

portal of exit

pathogens to be transferred to a new host, they will leave the infected host through (skin (scales), secretions (tears, sputum, sweat, vaginal secretions, respiratory droplets), excretions (feces and urine), and through blood (needles or blood transfusions)

Antiphagocytic factors

used by some pathogens to avoid phagocytes

intoxication

toxin is spread from the site of the infection by ingestion

toxemia

toxin is spread from the site of the infection through the blood

Exoenzymes usually end with

-ase (and usually disrupt the structure of tissues)

vehicle

A general term that includes any inanimate object (water, food, fomites, etc) that can indirectly transmit a pathogen

probiotics

A way to adjust the normal flora in the digestive tract is to take a supplement containing beneficial microroganisms called

granulomas

chronic condition of immune cells surrounding microbes in tissue

parenteral

Bypassing the skin through a break or needle is called a [c] route (bite, wound, needle)

virulence factors

Characteristics that allow the microbe to cause infection

biofilms

Colonies of bacteria that adhere together and adhere to environmental surfaces.

signs

Obervations made by the practioner or results of testing that are called a [a] of the infection.

portal of entry

The anatomical site where pathogens pass into host tissue (mouth, nose, eye, ear, urethra, or mucous membranes)

lower infectious dose

Pathogens that can cause infection easier (more virulent) have a

Symptoms

The patient's experience with the illness that are not usually measured are called a [b] of the infection.

Epidemiology

The study of disease and other health-related factors in human populations is ___________ and can include the transmission, frequency, and distribution of disease and how to control it.

transients

They inhabit the body for a short time. (The body's defenses or hygiene will rid of these microbes before they can colonize and possibly cause an infection)

sexually

Through the genital system can cause a [d] transmitted disease (STD). (urogenital tract)

incubation period

Time from the initial contact with the pathogen up to when the first symptoms appear

Lactobacillus

Vagina, lactid acid, low pH to prevent fungal infections, estrogen increases this bacteria production

infection

caused by a pathogen entering into the body, resulting in colonization and tissue destruction

initial colonization of the newborn

With breaking of the amniotic sac, the infant becomes exposed to a wide range of microbiota, especially as it passes through the birth canal

secondary infection

a different infection caused by a different pathogen after the occurrence of a primary infection

pandemic

a greater number of cases of a disease than expected, happening in many geographic locations throughout the world

epidemic

a greater number of cases of a disease than expected, happening within a geographic region or linked to the same source

pathogen

a microbe causing an infection; also can be called an etiologic agent or causative agent

acute infection

a short-lived illness that develops rapidly

edema

accumulation of body fluids

Neurotoxins

affect nerve tissue and can result in death

Enterotoxins

affects intestinal mucosa, commonly the colon, causing GI distress.

human microbiota

all microorganisms that are associated with humans. These include bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoa

vector

an animal that is harboring a pathogen that can be transmitted to a human

leukocidin

an antiphagocytic factor that kills white blood cells

chronic infection

an illness that slowly developed and the pathogen remains in the body for a long time

Leukocytosis

an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood

reservoir

any area where a pathogen can survive for a long period of time

Reportable diseases

any disease that by law must be reported by medical professionals to public health officials in order to collect data

Exotoxins

are secreted by a wide variety of microbes, are made of proteins, target specific cells, and can cause tissue damage and even death

areas of the body where resident microbes are found

areas close to openings like the mouth, vagina, colon, nasal cavity, phayrnx, and outer urethra the external part of an organ like the eye and ear skin and mucous membranes

nonliving reservoir

areas like soil or water where a pathogen can exist for a long period of time

areas of the body that should remain sterile

bones and muscles blood and cerebral spinal fluid internal organs like the heart, liver, brain, glands, lungs, and kidneys the internal part of an organ with delicate inner structures like the eye and ear

Collagenase

breaks down the collagen in connective tissue

Hyaluronidase

breaks down the hyaluronic acid that cements cells together in the connective tissue

endemic

disease linked to a geographic region and is constantly present at a consistent rate

sporadic

disease not linked to a geographic location, but can happen anywhere at any time

avirulent

does not cause disease

Other terms for pathogen

etiologic agent or causative agent

virulence factors of bacteria

fimbriae, slime, capsule

prodromal stage

first symptoms appear which are general in nature, like fever, headache, and muscle aches

morbidity rate

general term for any measure due to illness such as the number of people with the illness, how long the illness lasts, or for how long the illness existed in a population

immunocompetent

healthy individuals with a functional immune system

virulence factors of parasitic worms

hooks, suckers, barbs

carrier

human capable of transmitting a pathogen; may or may not show signs of an infection

passive carrier

human contaminated with a pathogen, transferring it to an individual; does not have the inffection

asympotomatic carrier

human who are infected with a pathogen but shows no signs of an illness because they have just been infected, are in the recovery stages, or in a chronic condition

communicable disease

illness that can be spread from one person to another

noncommunicable disease

illness that cannot be spread from one person to another

contagious disease

illness that spreads between people easily

zoonosis

illness transmitted by an animal; also called a zoonotic disease

Antibodies

immune system molecule found in serum and shows infection by a specific pathogen.

Transmission methods of direct contact

includes touching, kissing, sexual intercourse, transplacental, birth, breastfeeding or through respiratory droplets due to coughs, sneezes or other mucous secretion

immunocompromised

individuals with a weakened immune system which includes children, elderly, diabetics, and AIDS patients

true pathogen

infects individuals regardless of immune system status

mixed infection

several pathogens cause an infection within one tissue or body site

Bacteremia

small numbers of bacteria in the blood

virulence factors of virus

spikes

focal infection

spread of an infection from one body area to another

Coagulase

stimulates blood clotting

convalescent period

symptoms start to fade as the patient's immune system overtakes the microbe

period of invasion

the classic signs and symptoms of the disease are at their worst

primary infection

the initial infection cause by a specific pathogen

incidence

the number of new cases of an illness within a specific time period and within a population

latent infection

the pathogen goes dormant in the body, but can reemerge causing the same or similar symptoms

intracellular pathogens

they enter host cells and reproduce

prevalence

total number of cases of an illness measured within a population within a specific time period