chapter 13 env

It can take chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) released from Earth's surface today ___________ to reach the stratosphere.

10-20 yesrs

The difference between global warming and climate changes is that global warming is a consequence of _________.

climate

Sulfur dioxide in the upper atmosphere can lead to the formation of _____________ that can reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of Earth.

haze

The _________ is an international agreement that seeks to limit CO2 emissions from developed countries.

kyoto protocol

______ strongly influences climate because more solar energy falls on areas that are closer to the equator than to the poles.

latitude

Powerful computers are required to perform the calculations for scientist to develop climatic __________

models

Warm air can hold ________ water vapor than an equal amount of cold air. Cold water can hold more dissolved oxygen than warm water.

more

Rising sea levels, increased frequency of major storms , and increased frequency of major droughts will be consequences of a ____________ in global temperature.

rise

Populations of, shrimp-like animals known as ________________ may be reduced by climate change.

zoo plankton

As a result of the destruction of stratospheric ozone, scientist believe that ________, including frogs, toads, and salamanders, will be especially vulnerable to increased UV radiation.

amphibians

Climate in a region is the long term, prevailing __________ conditions

atmospheric

The development of an ozone hole over the poles is a result of human activities and begins when molecular _________ from chlorofluorocarbons is released into the atmosphere and collects on polar stratospheric clouds.

chlorine

__________ are environmentally significant because their chlorine atoms can destroy many stratospheric ozone molecules.

chlorofluorocarbon molecules

The statement "Cool summers, cold winters with lots of snow- about 75cm of precipitation each year" describes ______________

climate

You would expect a(n)____________ location to have a climate with mild temperatures and frequent rain.

coastal region 30 latitude

La Niña is the __________ phase of the Él Nino- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and Él Nino is the _________ phase.

cold, warm

Cold air is _______ than warm air; therefore, warm air rises, cold air sinks and warms as it sinks.

denser

A(n) _______________ is often found on the island side of a mountain range

desert or rain shadow

during a (an) ______ period, winds push warm water eastward in the Pacific ocean

el nino

One serious consequence of climate change, a rise in sea levels, could result in ____________________ of beaches.

erosion

_______________ reradiate infrared radiation back to Earth.

gases

A predicted increase in Earth's average temperature caused by human activities and the subsequent release of gases such as carbon dioxide is known as

global warming

Burning fossil fuels and plants contribute carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, which contributes to increased _________

global warming

The ________ is a process by which the atmosphere reradiates infrared radiation back to Earth's surface and thereby warms Earth's surface and lower atmosphere.

greenhouse effect

Water vapor and carbon dioxide reradiate infrared radiation in the atmosphere back to the surface of the Earth, so they are called __________.

greenhouse gases

CO2 levels in the atmosphere are _____ in winter and _____ in the summer, but the ______ highs are higher each year and the ______ lows are lower each year.

higher, lower, winter, summer

A continuous record from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals that annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations have ____________________ since 1958.

increased

Even though the average global temperature has risen some years and fallen others during the 20th century, it has ____________ overall.

increased

An effect of El Niño is _________ in the southern part of the United States.

increased rainfall

A _________ can result in the coastal side usually having higher rainfall, the inland side being a desert, and average temperatures being lower at high elevations.

mountain range

_________ affect climatic conditions on land because they are the largest source of most water that falls as precipitation, coastal areas have more moderate climates than inland areas, and their currents redistribute warm and cold masses of water.

oceans

The ___________ is an international agreement that limits CFC production.

Montreal Protocol

Trade winds,westerlies, and polar easterlies are examples of __________ winds.

prevailing

__________ frequently results whenever warm, moist air rises

rain

Though CFC production has been cut back, the threat to stratospheric ozone continues because CFCs ____________________ in the atmosphere for decades.

remain, persist

If polar ice masses melt as a result of climate change, sea levels will ____________________.

rise

Winter in the Northern Hemisphere means ____________ in the Southern Hemisphere.

summer

If the earth were not _____________ relative to the plane of its orbit, temperate regions would no longer have seasonal changes in climate.

tilted

__________ is particularly dangerous because it can damage genetic material in cells

ultraviolet radiation

Large quantities of gaseous sulfur dioxide can reach the upper atmosphere following a(n)

volcanic eruption

_____________________ states an observation that helps to explain circulation patterns in the atmosphere.

warm air rises and cools

The statement "It's hot and sunny today-the temperature is 88 fahrenheit at 11am" describes ____________.

weather

__________ Is the gas most responsible for the greenhouse effect.

water vapor

Damage to _________ in cells of living organisms is caused by exposure to UV radiation.

DNA

As the amount of ______________ is the stratosphere decreases, more ultraviolet light is able to reach the Earth's surface.

ozone

Stratospheric ____________ is destroyed by chlorine atoms released from CFC's.

ozone

The thinning of the ___________ occurs over both polar regions, is related to seasonal changes, and will take many years to reverse.

ozone layer

As a result of the destruction of stratospheric ozone, single-celled organisms called _________________________, that live near the ocean's surface, can be killed by increased UV radiation.

phytoplankton

ozone holes appear in polar regions during spring time when ozone-depleting chlorine atoms are released from ________________.

polar stratospheric clouds

Strong circulating winds of Antarctica, known as the ___________, play a role in the formation of the polar stratospheric clouds.

polar vortex