chapter 13

Council of Trent

A group of catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 led by Italian Cardinal Carlo Borromeo that reaffirmed the Catholic views that Protestants had challenged. It was also in place to direct the future of the Catholic Church.

Indulgences

In the Roman Catholic Church it was a pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime.

Geneva

a Swiss city-state where Protestants in 1514 asked Calvin to lead their community. Calvin setup a theocracy in which the government was run by church leaders.

Wittenberg

a city in northern Germany, where a priest named Johann Tetzel sold indulgences for money to rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. This incident started Luther's full scale revolt against the church. It is where Luther drew up his 95 Theses after he saw this happening.

John Calvin

a reformer who would profoundly affect the direction of the Reformation. He was born in France and trained as a lawyer and a priest. His followers were called Calvinists. He believed in predestination and that there were only two kinds of people-saints and sinners. His followers believed in hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty and morality.

Sect

are religious sub groups that had broken away from the Church

Diet

assembly of German princes, comes from a Middle English word meaning "a day for a meeting". This is where Luther was summoned by Charles V and he refused to retract his statements against the Church.

Compromise

is an agreement in which each side makes concessions; an acceptable middle ground.

Theocracy

is government run by religious leaders.

Predestination

was a Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation.

Martin Luther

was a German monk and professor of theology and in 1517 he triggered a full-scale revolt against the church. He was outraged with the corruption and worldliness and the selling of indulgences. He drew up the 95 Theses, or reasons, against the Church selling indulgences. Some of his reasons were salvation comes through faith, that only God can pardon sin, not man, the head of the Church should be an elected council, the Bible alone is the source of truth, and people should interpret the Bible for themselves. He began the Lutheranism.

Ignatius of Loyola

was a Spanish knight raised in the crusading tradition that founded a new religious order called the Society of Jesus or Jesuits. He led the Jesuits to embark on a crusade to defend and spread the Catholic Faith worldwide.

Thomas Cranmer

was appointed the by Henry VIII the archbishop of his newly formed church when the control of the church was taken away from the pope's control. He annulled Henry VIII marriage, which allowed him to marry Anne Boleyn.

Charles V

was the Holy Roman Emperor that summoned Luther to the diet at the city of Worms. Once there he asked Luther to give up his writings but Luther refused and Charles V declared him an outlaw and making it a crime for anyone in the empire to help him.

Henry VIII

was the King of England that broke away from the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce so he could marry another woman to have a child that would hope to be a boy heir to his throne. He was originally named the "Defender of the Faith" for standing up against the Protestant revolt but later broke away from the Catholic Church. He then took over the English Church and took away the pope's control and placed it under his rule.

Elizabeth

was the daughter of Henry VII and Anne Boleyn.

Mary Tudor

was the only surviving child of Henry and his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon.

Canonize

was to be recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church.